RSpec is the most popular testing framework for Ruby and Rails applications. This comprehensive guide covers everything from basic RSpec syntax to advanced Rails 7+ testing patterns, with real-world examples and scenarios.
Table of Contents
- RSpec Basics
- Rails 7+ Integration
- Core RSpec Methods
- Testing Scenarios
- Advanced Features
- Best Practices
RSpec Basics
Basic Structure
require "rails_helper"
RSpec.describe Session::AppliedDiscount do
# Test content goes here
end
Key Components:
require "rails_helper" – Loads Rails testing environmentRSpec.describe – Groups related testsdescribe can take a class, string, or symbol
The Building Blocks
describe and context
RSpec.describe User do
describe "#full_name" do
context "when first and last name are present" do
# tests here
end
context "when only first name is present" do
# tests here
end
end
describe ".active_users" do
context "with active users in database" do
# tests here
end
end
end
it – Individual Test Cases
it "returns the user's full name" do
user = User.new(first_name: "John", last_name: "Doe")
expect(user.full_name).to eq("John Doe")
end
it "handles missing last name gracefully" do
user = User.new(first_name: "John")
expect(user.full_name).to eq("John")
end
Core RSpec Methods
let and let!
Lazy Evaluation with let
RSpec.describe Session::Discount do
let(:cookies) { CookiesStub.new }
let(:code) { create_code(10) }
let(:customer) { init_customer }
let(:customer_code) { create_customer_code(customer) }
it "uses lazy evaluation" do
# code is only created when first accessed
expect(code.amount).to eq(10)
end
end
Immediate Evaluation with let!
let!(:user) { User.create(name: "John") } # Created immediately
let(:profile) { user.profile } # Created when accessed
it "has user already created" do
expect(User.count).to eq(1) # user already exists
end
subject
Implicit Subject
RSpec.describe User do
let(:user_params) { { name: "John", email: "john@example.com" } }
subject { User.new(user_params) }
it { is_expected.to be_valid }
it { is_expected.to respond_to(:full_name) }
end
Named Subject
describe '#initial_discount' do
subject(:initial_discount_in_rupee) {
described_class.new(cookies: cookies).initial_discount_in_rupee
}
it 'returns initial discount for customer' do
accessor.set_customer_code(customer_code: customer_code)
expect(initial_discount_in_rupee).to eq(expected_amount)
end
end
expect and Matchers
Basic Matchers
# Equality
expect(user.name).to eq("John")
expect(user.age).to be > 18
expect(user.email).to include("@")
# Boolean checks
expect(user).to be_valid
expect(user.active?).to be true
expect(user.admin?).to be_falsy
# Type checks
expect(user.created_at).to be_a(Time)
expect(user.tags).to be_an(Array)
Collection Matchers
expect(users).to include(john_user)
expect(user.roles).to contain_exactly("admin", "user")
expect(shopping_cart.items).to be_empty
expect(search_results).to have(3).items
String Matchers
expect(user.email).to match(/\A[\w+\-.]+@[a-z\d\-]+(\.[a-z\d\-]+)*\.[a-z]+\z/i)
expect(response.body).to include("Welcome")
expect(error_message).to start_with("Error:")
expect(success_message).to end_with("successfully!")
Rails 7+ Integration
Rails Helper Setup
# spec/rails_helper.rb
require 'spec_helper'
ENV['RAILS_ENV'] ||= 'test'
require_relative '../config/environment'
abort("The Rails environment is running in production mode!") if Rails.env.production?
require 'rspec/rails'
RSpec.configure do |config|
config.fixture_path = "#{::Rails.root}/spec/fixtures"
config.use_transactional_fixtures = true
config.infer_spec_type_from_file_location!
config.filter_rails_from_backtrace!
end
Testing Controllers
RSpec.describe Api::V1::SessionsController, type: :controller do
let(:user) { create(:user) }
let(:valid_params) { { email: user.email, password: "password" } }
describe "POST #create" do
context "with valid credentials" do
it "returns success response" do
post :create, params: valid_params
expect(response).to have_http_status(:success)
expect(JSON.parse(response.body)["success"]).to be true
end
it "sets authentication token" do
post :create, params: valid_params
expect(response.cookies["auth_token"]).to be_present
end
end
context "with invalid credentials" do
it "returns unauthorized status" do
post :create, params: { email: user.email, password: "wrong" }
expect(response).to have_http_status(:unauthorized)
end
end
end
end
Testing Models
RSpec.describe User, type: :model do
describe "validations" do
it { is_expected.to validate_presence_of(:email) }
it { is_expected.to validate_uniqueness_of(:email) }
it { is_expected.to validate_length_of(:password).is_at_least(8) }
end
describe "associations" do
it { is_expected.to have_many(:orders) }
it { is_expected.to belong_to(:organization) }
it { is_expected.to have_one(:profile) }
end
describe "scopes" do
let!(:active_user) { create(:user, :active) }
let!(:inactive_user) { create(:user, :inactive) }
it "returns only active users" do
expect(User.active).to include(active_user)
expect(User.active).not_to include(inactive_user)
end
end
end
Testing Scenarios
Testing Service Objects
RSpec.describe Session::Discount do
let(:cookies) { CookiesStub.new }
let(:accessor) { Session::CookieDiscount.new(cookies) }
describe '#initialize' do
it 'calls ClearDiscountCode' do
expect_any_instance_of(Session::ClearDiscountCode).to receive(:run)
described_class.new(cookies: cookies)
end
it 'removes discount_code if referral_code presented' do
accessor.set_code(discount)
accessor.set_referral_code(referral_code: code)
described_class.new(cookies: cookies)
expect(accessor.discount).to be nil
end
end
end
Testing API Endpoints
RSpec.describe "API V1 Sessions", type: :request do
let(:headers) { { "Content-Type" => "application/json" } }
describe "POST /api/v1/sessions" do
let(:user) { create(:user) }
let(:params) do
{
session: {
email: user.email,
password: "password"
}
}
end
it "creates a new session" do
post "/api/v1/sessions", params: params.to_json, headers: headers
expect(response).to have_http_status(:created)
expect(json_response["user"]["id"]).to eq(user.id)
expect(json_response["token"]).to be_present
end
context "with invalid credentials" do
before { params[:session][:password] = "wrong_password" }
it "returns error" do
post "/api/v1/sessions", params: params.to_json, headers: headers
expect(response).to have_http_status(:unauthorized)
expect(json_response["error"]).to eq("Invalid credentials")
end
end
end
end
Testing Background Jobs
RSpec.describe EmailNotificationJob, type: :job do
include ActiveJob::TestHelper
let(:user) { create(:user) }
describe "#perform" do
it "sends welcome email" do
expect {
EmailNotificationJob.perform_now(user.id, "welcome")
}.to change { ActionMailer::Base.deliveries.count }.by(1)
end
it "enqueues job" do
expect {
EmailNotificationJob.perform_later(user.id, "welcome")
}.to have_enqueued_job(EmailNotificationJob)
end
end
end
Testing with Database Transactions
RSpec.describe OrderProcessor do
describe "#process" do
let(:order) { create(:order, :pending) }
let(:payment_method) { create(:payment_method) }
it "processes order successfully" do
expect {
OrderProcessor.new(order).process(payment_method)
}.to change { order.reload.status }.from("pending").to("completed")
end
it "handles payment failures" do
allow(payment_method).to receive(:charge).and_raise(PaymentError)
expect {
OrderProcessor.new(order).process(payment_method)
}.to raise_error(PaymentError)
expect(order.reload.status).to eq("failed")
end
end
end
Advanced Features
Shared Examples
# spec/support/shared_examples/auditable.rb
RSpec.shared_examples "auditable" do
it "tracks creation" do
expect(subject.created_at).to be_present
expect(subject.created_by).to eq(current_user)
end
it "tracks updates" do
subject.update(name: "Updated Name")
expect(subject.updated_by).to eq(current_user)
end
end
# Usage in specs
RSpec.describe User do
let(:current_user) { create(:user) }
subject { create(:user) }
it_behaves_like "auditable"
end
Custom Matchers
# spec/support/matchers/be_valid_email.rb
RSpec::Matchers.define :be_valid_email do
match do |actual|
actual =~ /\A[\w+\-.]+@[a-z\d\-]+(\.[a-z\d\-]+)*\.[a-z]+\z/i
end
failure_message do |actual|
"expected #{actual} to be a valid email address"
end
end
# Usage
expect(user.email).to be_valid_email
Hooks and Callbacks
RSpec.describe User do
before(:each) do
@original_time = Time.current
travel_to Time.zone.parse("2023-01-01 12:00:00")
end
after(:each) do
travel_back
end
before(:all) do
# Runs once before all tests in this describe block
@test_data = create_test_data
end
around(:each) do |example|
Rails.logger.silence do
example.run
end
end
end
Stubbing and Mocking
describe "external API integration" do
let(:api_client) { instance_double("APIClient") }
before do
allow(APIClient).to receive(:new).and_return(api_client)
end
it "calls external service" do
expect(api_client).to receive(:get_user_data).with(user.id)
.and_return({ name: "John", email: "john@example.com" })
result = UserDataService.fetch(user.id)
expect(result[:name]).to eq("John")
end
it "handles API errors gracefully" do
allow(api_client).to receive(:get_user_data).and_raise(Net::TimeoutError)
expect {
UserDataService.fetch(user.id)
}.to raise_error(ServiceUnavailableError)
end
end
Testing Time-dependent Code
describe "subscription expiry" do
let(:subscription) { create(:subscription, expires_at: 2.days.from_now) }
it "is not expired when current" do
expect(subscription).not_to be_expired
end
it "is expired when past expiry date" do
travel_to 3.days.from_now do
expect(subscription).to be_expired
end
end
end
Factory Bot Integration
Basic Factory Setup
# spec/factories/users.rb
FactoryBot.define do
factory :user do
sequence(:email) { |n| "user#{n}@example.com" }
first_name { "John" }
last_name { "Doe" }
password { "password123" }
trait :admin do
role { "admin" }
end
trait :with_profile do
after(:create) do |user|
create(:profile, user: user)
end
end
factory :admin_user, traits: [:admin]
end
end
# Usage in tests
let(:user) { create(:user) }
let(:admin) { create(:user, :admin) }
let(:user_with_profile) { create(:user, :with_profile) }
Advanced Factory Patterns
# spec/factories/orders.rb
FactoryBot.define do
factory :order do
user
total_amount { 100.00 }
status { "pending" }
factory :completed_order do
status { "completed" }
completed_at { Time.current }
after(:create) do |order|
create_list(:order_item, 3, order: order)
end
end
end
end
Testing Different Types
Feature Tests (System Tests)
RSpec.describe "User Registration", type: :system do
it "allows user to register" do
visit "/signup"
fill_in "Email", with: "test@example.com"
fill_in "Password", with: "password123"
fill_in "Confirm Password", with: "password123"
click_button "Sign Up"
expect(page).to have_content("Welcome!")
expect(page).to have_current_path("/dashboard")
end
end
Mailer Tests
RSpec.describe UserMailer, type: :mailer do
describe "#welcome_email" do
let(:user) { create(:user) }
let(:mail) { UserMailer.welcome_email(user) }
it "sends to correct recipient" do
expect(mail.to).to eq([user.email])
end
it "has correct subject" do
expect(mail.subject).to eq("Welcome to Our App!")
end
it "includes user name in body" do
expect(mail.body.encoded).to include(user.first_name)
end
end
end
Helper Tests
RSpec.describe ApplicationHelper, type: :helper do
describe "#format_currency" do
it "formats positive amounts" do
expect(helper.format_currency(100.50)).to eq("$100.50")
end
it "handles zero amounts" do
expect(helper.format_currency(0)).to eq("$0.00")
end
it "formats negative amounts" do
expect(helper.format_currency(-50.25)).to eq("-$50.25")
end
end
end
Best Practices
1. Clear Test Structure
# Good: Clear, descriptive names
describe User do
describe "#full_name" do
context "when both names are present" do
it "returns concatenated first and last name" do
# test implementation
end
end
end
end
# Bad: Unclear names
describe User do
it "works" do
# test implementation
end
end
2. One Assertion Per Test
# Good: Single responsibility
it "validates email presence" do
user = User.new(email: nil)
expect(user).not_to be_valid
end
it "validates email format" do
user = User.new(email: "invalid-email")
expect(user).not_to be_valid
end
# Bad: Multiple assertions
it "validates email" do
user = User.new(email: nil)
expect(user).not_to be_valid
user.email = "invalid-email"
expect(user).not_to be_valid
user.email = "valid@email.com"
expect(user).to be_valid
end
3. Use let for Test Data
# Good: Reusable and lazy-loaded
let(:user) { create(:user, email: "test@example.com") }
let(:order) { create(:order, user: user, total: 100) }
it "calculates tax correctly" do
expect(order.tax_amount).to eq(8.50)
end
# Bad: Repeated setup
it "calculates tax correctly" do
user = create(:user, email: "test@example.com")
order = create(:order, user: user, total: 100)
expect(order.tax_amount).to eq(8.50)
end
4. Meaningful Error Messages
# Good: Custom error messages
expect(discount.amount).to eq(50),
"Expected discount amount to be $50 for premium users"
# Good: Descriptive matchers
expect(user.subscription).to be_active,
"User subscription should be active after successful payment"
5. Test Edge Cases
describe "#divide" do
it "divides positive numbers" do
expect(calculator.divide(10, 2)).to eq(5)
end
it "handles division by zero" do
expect { calculator.divide(10, 0) }.to raise_error(ZeroDivisionError)
end
it "handles negative numbers" do
expect(calculator.divide(-10, 2)).to eq(-5)
end
it "handles float precision" do
expect(calculator.divide(1, 3)).to be_within(0.001).of(0.333)
end
end
Rails 7+ Specific Features
Testing with ActionText
RSpec.describe Post, type: :model do
describe "rich text content" do
let(:post) { create(:post) }
it "can store rich text content" do
post.content = "<p>Hello <strong>world</strong></p>"
expect(post.content.to_s).to include("Hello")
expect(post.content.to_s).to include("<strong>world</strong>")
end
end
end
Testing with Active Storage
RSpec.describe User, type: :model do
describe "avatar attachment" do
let(:user) { create(:user) }
let(:image) { fixture_file_upload("spec/fixtures/avatar.jpg", "image/jpeg") }
it "can attach avatar" do
user.avatar.attach(image)
expect(user.avatar).to be_attached
expect(user.avatar.content_type).to eq("image/jpeg")
end
end
end
Testing Hotwire/Turbo
RSpec.describe "Todo Management", type: :system do
it "updates todo via turbo stream" do
todo = create(:todo, title: "Original Title")
visit todos_path
click_link "Edit"
fill_in "Title", with: "Updated Title"
click_button "Update"
expect(page).to have_content("Updated Title")
expect(page).not_to have_content("Original Title")
# Verify it was updated via AJAX, not full page reload
expect(page).not_to have_selector(".flash-message")
end
end
Configuration and Setup
RSpec Configuration
# spec/rails_helper.rb
RSpec.configure do |config|
# Database cleaner
config.use_transactional_fixtures = true
# Factory Bot
config.include FactoryBot::Syntax::Methods
# Custom helpers
config.include AuthenticationHelpers, type: :request
config.include ControllerHelpers, type: :controller
# Filtering
config.filter_run_when_matching :focus
config.example_status_persistence_file_path = "spec/examples.txt"
# Parallel execution
config.order = :random
Kernel.srand config.seed
end
Database Cleaner Setup
# spec/rails_helper.rb
require 'database_cleaner/active_record'
RSpec.configure do |config|
config.before(:suite) do
DatabaseCleaner.strategy = :transaction
DatabaseCleaner.clean_with(:truncation)
end
config.around(:each) do |example|
DatabaseCleaner.cleaning do
example.run
end
end
end
This comprehensive guide covers the essential RSpec patterns you’ll use in Rails 7+ applications. The examples shown are based on real-world scenarios and follow current best practices for maintainable, reliable test suites.
Remember: Good tests are documentation for your code – they should clearly express what your application does and how it should behave under different conditions.
The Rails Drop 