Tag: Rails migration

🔑 What Is a Composite Key?

A composite key is a primary key made up of two or more columns that together uniquely identify a row in a table.

Use a composite key when no single column is unique on its own, but the combination is.

👉 Example: Composite Key in Action

Let’s say we’re building a table to track which students are enrolled in which courses.

Without Composite Key:

-- This table might allow duplicates
CREATE TABLE Enrollments (
  student_id INT,
  course_id INT
);

Nothing stops the same student from enrolling in the same course multiple times!

With Composite Key:

CREATE TABLE Enrollments (
  student_id INT,
  course_id INT,
  PRIMARY KEY (student_id, course_id)
);

Now:

• student_id alone is not unique
• course_id alone is not unique
• But together → each (student_id, course_id) pair is unique

📌 Why Use Composite Keys?

⚠️ Things to Keep in Mind

• Composite keys enforce uniqueness across multiple columns.
• They can also be used as foreign keys in other tables.
• Some developers prefer to add an auto-increment id as the primary key instead—but that’s a design choice.

🔎 What Is a Candidate Key?

A candidate key is any column (or combination of columns) in a table that can uniquely identify each row.

• Every table can have multiple candidate keys
• One of them is chosen to be the primary key
• The rest are called alternate keys

🔑 Think of candidate keys as “potential primary keys”

👉 Example: Users Table

CREATE TABLE Users (
  user_id INT,
  username VARCHAR(80),
  email VARCHAR(150),
  phone_number VARCHAR(30)
);

Let’s have some hands own experience in SQL queries by creating a TEST DB. Check https://railsdrop.com/2025/04/25/rails-8-app-part-13-2-test-sql-queries/

Assume:

• user_id is unique
• username is unique
• email is unique

Candidate Keys:

• user_id
• username
• email

You can choose any one of them as the primary key, depending on your design needs.

-- Choosing user_id as the primary key
PRIMARY KEY (user_id)

The rest (username, email) are alternate keys.

📌 Characteristics of Candidate Keys

👥 Candidate Key vs Composite Key

So: All composite keys are candidate keys, but not all candidate keys are composite.

💡 When Designing a Database

• Find all possible candidate keys
• Choose one as the primary key
• (Optional) Define other candidate keys as unique constraints

CREATE TABLE Users (
  user_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
  username VARCHAR UNIQUE,
  email VARCHAR UNIQUE
);

Let’s walk through a real-world example using a schema we are already working on: a shopping app that sells clothing for women, men, kids, and infants.

We’ll look at how candidate keys apply to real tables like Users, Products, Orders, etc.

🛍️ Example Schema: Shopping App

1. Users Table

CREATE TABLE Users (
  user_id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
  email VARCHAR UNIQUE,
  username VARCHAR UNIQUE,
  phone_number VARCHAR
);

Candidate Keys:

• user_id ✅
• email ✅
• username ✅

We chose user_id as the primary key, but both email and username could also uniquely identify a user — so they’re candidate keys.

2. Products Table

CREATE TABLE Products (
  product_id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
  sku VARCHAR UNIQUE,
  name VARCHAR,
  category VARCHAR
);

Candidate Keys:

• product_id ✅
• sku ✅ (Stock Keeping Unit – a unique identifier for each product)

sku is a candidate key. We use product_id as the primary key, but you could use sku if you wanted a natural key instead.

3. Orders Table

CREATE TABLE Orders (
  order_id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
  user_id INT REFERENCES Users(user_id),
  order_number VARCHAR UNIQUE,
  created_at TIMESTAMP
);

Candidate Keys:

• order_id ✅
• order_number ✅

You might use order_number (e.g., "ORD-20250417-0012") for external reference and order_id internally. Both are unique identifiers = candidate keys.

4. OrderItems Table (Join Table)

This table links orders to the specific products and quantities purchased.

CREATE TABLE OrderItems (
  order_id INT,
  product_id INT,
  quantity INT,
  PRIMARY KEY (order_id, product_id),
  FOREIGN KEY (order_id) REFERENCES Orders(order_id),
  FOREIGN KEY (product_id) REFERENCES Products(product_id)
);

Candidate Key:

• Composite key: (order_id, product_id) ✅

Here, a combination of order_id and product_id uniquely identifies a row — i.e., what product was ordered in which order — making it a composite candidate key, and we’ve selected it as the primary key.

👀 Summary of Candidate Keys by Table

Let’s explore how to implement candidate keys in both SQL and Rails (Active Record). Since we are working on a shopping app in Rails 8, I’ll show how to enforce uniqueness and data integrity in both layers:

🔹 1. Candidate Keys in SQL (PostgreSQL Example)

Let’s take the Users table with multiple candidate keys (email, username, and user_id).

CREATE TABLE users (
  user_id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
  email VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
  username VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
  phone_number VARCHAR(20)
);

• user_id: chosen as the primary key
• email and username: candidate keys, enforced via UNIQUE constraints

💎 Composite Key Example (OrderItems)

CREATE TABLE order_items (
  order_id INT,
  product_id INT,
  quantity INT NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (order_id, product_id),
  FOREIGN KEY (order_id) REFERENCES orders(order_id),
  FOREIGN KEY (product_id) REFERENCES products(product_id)
);

This sets (order_id, product_id) as a composite candidate key and primary key.

🔸 2. Candidate Keys in Rails (ActiveRecord)

Now let’s do the same with Rails models + migrations + validations.

✅ users Migration (with candidate keys)

# db/migrate/xxxxxx_create_users.rb
class CreateUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration[8.0]
  def change
    create_table :users do |t|
      t.string :email, null: false
      t.string :username, null: false
      t.string :phone_number

      t.timestamps
    end

    add_index :users, :email, unique: true
    add_index :users, :username, unique: true
  end
end

✅ User Model

class User < ApplicationRecord
  validates :email, presence: true, uniqueness: true
  validates :username, presence: true, uniqueness: true
end

✅ These are candidate keys — email and username could be primary keys, but we are using id instead.

✅ Composite Key with OrderItem (Join Table)

ActiveRecord doesn’t support composite primary keys natively, but you can enforce uniqueness via a multi-column index:

Migration:

class CreateOrderItems < ActiveRecord::Migration[8.0]
  def change
    create_table :order_items, id: false do |t|
      t.references :order, null: false, foreign_key: true
      t.references :product, null: false, foreign_key: true
      t.integer :quantity, null: false

      t.timestamps
    end

    add_index :order_items, [:order_id, :product_id], unique: true
  end
end

Model:

class OrderItem < ApplicationRecord
  belongs_to :order
  belongs_to :product

  validates :quantity, presence: true
  validates :order_id, uniqueness: { scope: :product_id }
end

🎯 This simulates a composite key behavior: each product can only appear once per order.

➕ Extra: Use composite_primary_keys Gem (Optional)

If you really need true composite primary keys, use:

gem 'composite_primary_keys'

But it’s best to avoid unless your use case demands it — most Rails apps use a surrogate key (id) for simplicity.

to be continued.. 🚀