class Post < ApplicationRecord
  validates :title, :body, presence: true
  belongs_to :author, class_name: "User"
end

class PostsController < ApplicationController
  def show
    @post = Post.find(params[:id])
  end
end

<h1><%= @post.title %></h1>
<p>By <%= @post.author.name %></p>
<div><%= simple_format(@post.body) %></div>

# app/models/user.rb
class User < ApplicationRecord
  # Rails assumes: table name = "users"
end

# app/controllers/posts_controller.rb
class PostsController < ApplicationController
  def show
    @post = Post.find(params[:id])
    # Rails auto-renders "posts/show.html.erb"
  end
end

class LegacyUser < ApplicationRecord
  self.table_name = "legacy_users"
end

class DashboardController < ApplicationController
  def index
    render template: "admin/dashboard/index"
  end
end

app/
├── controllers/    # Handle HTTP requests
├── models/         # Business logic and data
├── views/          # Templates and UI
├── helpers/        # View helper methods
├── mailers/        # Email handling
└── jobs/           # Background jobs

config/
├── routes.rb       # URL routing
├── database.yml    # Database configuration
└── application.rb  # App configuration

db/
├── migrate/        # Database migrations
└── seeds.rb        # Sample data

class User < ApplicationRecord
  has_many :posts, dependent: :destroy
  has_many :comments, through: :posts
  has_one :profile
  belongs_to :organization, optional: true
end

class Post < ApplicationRecord
  belongs_to :user
  has_many :comments
  has_and_belongs_to_many :tags
end

class Comment < ApplicationRecord
  belongs_to :post
  belongs_to :user
end

class Comment < ApplicationRecord
  belongs_to :commentable, polymorphic: true
end

class Post < ApplicationRecord
  has_many :comments, as: :commentable
end

class Photo < ApplicationRecord
  has_many :comments, as: :commentable
end

# Migration
class CreateComments < ActiveRecord::Migration[7.0]
  def change
    create_table :comments do |t|
      t.text :content
      t.references :commentable, polymorphic: true, null: false
      t.timestamps
    end
  end
end

# Usage
post = Post.first
post.comments.create(content: "Great post!")

photo = Photo.first
photo.comments.create(content: "Nice photo!")

# Querying
Comment.where(commentable_type: 'Post')

# STI Implementation
class Animal < ApplicationRecord
  validates :type, presence: true
end

class Dog < Animal
  def bark
    "Woof!"
  end
end

class Cat < Animal
  def meow
    "Meow!"
  end
end

# Migration
class CreateAnimals < ActiveRecord::Migration[7.0]
  def change
    create_table :animals do |t|
      t.string :type, null: false
      t.string :name
      t.string :breed  # Only for dogs
      t.boolean :indoor  # Only for cats
      t.timestamps
    end

    add_index :animals, :type
  end
end

# Alternative: Multiple Table Inheritance (MTI)
class Animal < ApplicationRecord
  has_one :dog
  has_one :cat
end

class Dog < ApplicationRecord
  belongs_to :animal
end

class Cat < ApplicationRecord
  belongs_to :animal
end

class CreateUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration[7.0]
  def change
    create_table :users do |t|
      t.string :name, null: false
      t.string :email, null: false, index: { unique: true }
      t.timestamps
    end
  end
end

# Adding a column later
class AddAgeToUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration[7.0]
  def change
    add_column :users, :age, :integer
  end
end

# Basic transaction
ActiveRecord::Base.transaction do
  user = User.create!(name: "John")
  user.posts.create!(title: "First Post")
  # If any operation fails, everything rolls back
end

# Nested transactions with savepoints
User.transaction do
  user = User.create!(name: "John")

  begin
    User.transaction(requires_new: true) do
      # This creates a savepoint
      user.posts.create!(title: "")  # This will fail
    end
  rescue ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid
    # Inner transaction rolled back, but outer continues
  end

  user.posts.create!(title: "Valid Post")  # This succeeds
end

# Manual transaction control
ActiveRecord::Base.transaction do
  user = User.create!(name: "John")

  if some_condition
    raise ActiveRecord::Rollback  # Forces rollback
  end
end

# Isolation levels (database-specific)
User.transaction(isolation: :serializable) do
  # Highest isolation level
end

class AddIndexesToUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration[7.0]
  def change
    add_index :users, :email, unique: true
    add_index :users, [:first_name, :last_name]
    add_index :posts, :user_id
    add_index :posts, [:user_id, :created_at]
  end
end

# In model validations that should have indexes
class User < ApplicationRecord
  validates :email, uniqueness: true  # Should have unique index
end

# BAD: Vulnerable to SQL injection
User.where("name = '#{params[:name]}'")

# GOOD: Parameterized queries
User.where(name: params[:name])
User.where("name = ?", params[:name])
User.where("name = :name", name: params[:name])

# For complex queries
User.where("created_at > ? AND status = ?", 1.week.ago, 'active')

# model
class Post
  belongs_to :author
end

# controller
@posts = Post.all

# view (ERB or JSON)
@posts.each do |post|
  puts post.author.name
end

SELECT * FROM posts;
SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 1;
SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 2;
SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 3;
...

@posts = Post.includes(:author)

SELECT * FROM posts;
SELECT * FROM users WHERE id IN (1, 2, 3, ...);

# model
class Comment
  belongs_to :post
end

# controller
@comments = Comment.all

# view (ERB or JSON)
@comments.each do |comment|
  puts comment.post.title
end

@comments = Comment.includes(:post)

class Product < ApplicationRecord
  scope :available, -> { where(status: 'available') }
  scope :recent, -> { order(created_at: :desc) }
end

Product.available         # SELECT * FROM products WHERE status = 'available';
Product.recent            # SELECT * FROM products ORDER BY created_at DESC;
Product.available.recent  # Chained query!

class Post < ApplicationRecord
  scope :published, -> { where(published: true) }
  scope :by_author, ->(author_id) { where(author_id: author_id) }
  scope :recent, -> { order(created_at: :desc) }
end

# posts_controller.rb
@posts = Post.published.by_author(current_user.id).recent

# Behind
# 🔍 Parameterized SQL
SELECT "posts".*
FROM "posts"
WHERE "posts"."published" = $1
  AND "posts"."author_id" = $2
ORDER BY "posts"."created_at" DESC

# 📥 Bound Values
# $1 = true, $2 = current_user.id (e.g. 5)

# with Interpolated Values
SELECT "posts".*
FROM "posts"
WHERE "posts"."published" = TRUE
  AND "posts"."author_id" = 5
ORDER BY "posts"."created_at" DESC;

scope :with_min_views, ->(count) { where("views >= ?", count) }

Post.with_min_views(100)
# SELECT * FROM posts WHERE views >= 100;

Post.published.limit(5).offset(10)

# config/routes.rb
Rails.application.routes.draw do
  resources :posts do
    resources :comments, except: [:show]
    member do
      patch :publish
    end
    collection do
      get :drafts
    end
  end
end

# Generated routes:
# GET    /posts          (index)
# GET    /posts/new      (new)
# POST   /posts          (create)
# GET    /posts/:id      (show)
# GET    /posts/:id/edit (edit)
# PATCH  /posts/:id      (update)
# DELETE /posts/:id      (destroy)
# PATCH  /posts/:id/publish (custom member)
# GET    /posts/drafts   (custom collection)

# Built-in constraints
Rails.application.routes.draw do
  # Subdomain constraint
  constraints subdomain: 'api' do
    namespace :api do
      resources :users
    end
  end

  # IP constraint
  constraints ip: /192\.168\.1\.\d+/ do
    get '/admin' => 'admin#index'
  end

  # Lambda constraints
  constraints ->(req) { req.remote_ip == '127.0.0.1' } do
    mount Sidekiq::Web => '/sidekiq'
  end

  # Parameter format constraints
  get '/posts/:id', to: 'posts#show', constraints: { id: /\d+/ }
  get '/posts/:slug', to: 'posts#show_by_slug'
end

# Custom constraint classes
class MobileConstraint
  def matches?(request)
    request.user_agent =~ /Mobile|webOS/
  end
end

class AdminConstraint
  def matches?(request)
    return false unless request.session[:user_id]
    User.find(request.session[:user_id]).admin?
  end
end

# Usage
Rails.application.routes.draw do
  constraints MobileConstraint.new do
    root 'mobile#index'
  end

  constraints AdminConstraint.new do
    mount Sidekiq::Web => '/sidekiq'
  end

  root 'home#index'  # Default route
end

# Model with attr_accessible (older Rails)
class User < ApplicationRecord
  attr_accessible :name, :email  # Only these can be mass assigned
end

# Modern Rails with Strong Parameters
class UsersController < ApplicationController
  def update
    if @user.update(user_params)
      redirect_to @user
    else
      render :edit
    end
  end

  private

  def user_params
    params.require(:user).permit(:name, :email)
    # :admin, :role are not permitted
  end
end

User.create(params[:user])

<input name="post[title]" />
<input name="post[body]" />
<input name="post[admin]" />  <!-- a sneaky parameter -->

params[:post]
# => { "title" => "...", "body" => "...", "admin" => "true" }

# controllers/posts_controller.rb

class PostsController < ApplicationController
  before_action :set_post, only: [:show, :edit, :update, :destroy]
  before_action :authenticate_user!
  after_action  :log_post_access, only: :show

  def show
    # @post is already set by before_action
  end

  def edit
    # @post is already set by before_action
  end

  def update
    if @post.update(post_params)
      redirect_to @post
    else
      render :edit
    end
  end

  def destroy
    if @post.destroy
    .....
  end

  private

  def set_post
    @post = Post.find(params[:id])
  end

  def authenticate_user!
    redirect_to login_path unless current_user
  end

  def log_post_access
    Rails.logger.info "Post #{@post.id} was viewed by #{current_user&.email || 'guest'}"
  end

  def post_params
    params.require(:post).permit(:title, :body)
  end
end

<!-- app/views/shared/_user_card.html.erb -->
<div class="user-card">
  <h3><%= user.name %></h3>
  <p><%= user.email %></p>
</div>

<!-- Usage in views -->
<%= render 'shared/user_card', user: @user %>

<!-- Rendering collections -->
<%= render partial: 'shared/user_card', collection: @users, as: :user %>

<!-- With locals -->
<%= render 'shared/user_card', user: @user, show_email: false %>

# app/helpers/application_helper.rb
module ApplicationHelper
  def current_page_class(path)
    'active' if current_page?(path)
  end

  def format_date(date)
    date&.strftime('%B %d, %Y')
  end

  def truncate_words(text, length = 20)
    text.split.first(length).join(' ') + (text.split.size > length ? '...' : '')
  end
end

# Usage in views
<%= link_to "Home", root_path, class: current_page_class(root_path) %>
<%= format_date(@post.created_at) %>

class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
  protect_from_forgery with: :exception
  # or
  protect_from_forgery with: :null_session  # for APIs
end

# In forms, Rails automatically adds CSRF tokens
<%= form_with model: @user do |form| %>
  <!-- csrf_meta_tags in layout adds token to header -->
<% end %>

# For AJAX requests
$.ajaxSetup({
  beforeSend: function(xhr) {
    xhr.setRequestHeader('X-CSRF-Token', $('meta[name="csrf-token"]').attr('content'));
  }
});

# Fragment Caching
<% cache @post do %>
  <%= render @post %>
<% end %>

# Russian Doll Caching
<% cache [@post, @post.comments.maximum(:updated_at)] do %>
  <%= render @post %>
  <%= render @post.comments %>
<% end %>

# Low-level caching
class PostsController < ApplicationController
  def expensive_operation
    Rails.cache.fetch("expensive_operation_#{params[:id]}", expires_in: 1.hour) do
      # Expensive computation here
      calculate_complex_data
    end
  end
end

# Query caching (automatic in Rails)
# HTTP caching
class PostsController < ApplicationController
  def show
    @post = Post.find(params[:id])

    if stale?(last_modified: @post.updated_at, etag: @post)
      # Render the view
    end
  end
end

# includes: Loads all data in separate queries
posts = Post.includes(:author, :comments)

# joins: Uses SQL JOIN (no access to associated records)
posts = Post.joins(:author).where(authors: { active: true })

# preload: Always uses separate queries
posts = Post.preload(:author, :comments)

# eager_load: Always uses LEFT JOIN
posts = Post.eager_load(:author, :comments)

# Use when you know you'll access the associations
posts.each do |post|
  puts "#{post.title} by #{post.author.name}"
  puts "Comments: #{post.comments.count}"
end

# Use select to limit columns
User.select(:id, :name, :email).where(active: true)

# Use pluck for single values
User.where(active: true).pluck(:email)

# Use exists? instead of present?
User.where(role: 'admin').exists?  # vs .present?

# Use counter_cache for counts
class Post < ApplicationRecord
  belongs_to :user, counter_cache: true
end

# Migration to add counter cache
add_column :users, :posts_count, :integer, default: 0

# Use find_each for large datasets
User.find_each(batch_size: 1000) do |user|
  user.update_some_attribute
end

# Database indexes for frequently queried columns
add_index :posts, [:user_id, :published_at]

# Unit Tests (Model tests)
require 'test_helper'

class UserTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
  test "should not save user without email" do
    user = User.new
    assert_not user.save
  end

  test "should save user with valid attributes" do
    user = User.new(name: "John", email: "john@example.com")
    assert user.save
  end
end

# Integration Tests (Controller tests)
class UsersControllerTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
  test "should get index" do
    get users_url
    assert_response :success
  end

  test "should create user" do
    assert_difference('User.count') do
      post users_url, params: { user: { name: "John", email: "john@test.com" } }
    end
    assert_redirected_to user_url(User.last)
  end
end

# System Tests (Feature tests)
class UsersSystemTest < ApplicationSystemTestCase
  test "creating a user" do
    visit users_path
    click_on "New User"

    fill_in "Name", with: "John Doe"
    fill_in "Email", with: "john@example.com"
    click_on "Create User"

    assert_text "User was successfully created"
  end
end

# Fixtures (YAML files)
# test/fixtures/users.yml
john:
  name: John Doe
  email: john@example.com

jane:
  name: Jane Smith
  email: jane@example.com

# Usage
user = users(:john)

# Factories (using FactoryBot)
# test/factories/users.rb
FactoryBot.define do
  factory :user do
    name { "John Doe" }
    email { Faker::Internet.email }

    trait :admin do
      role { 'admin' }
    end

    factory :admin_user, traits: [:admin]
  end
end

# Usage
user = create(:user)
admin = create(:admin_user)
build(:user)  # builds but doesn't save

# Job class
class EmailJob < ApplicationJob
  queue_as :default

  retry_on StandardError, wait: 5.seconds, attempts: 3

  def perform(user_id, email_type)
    user = User.find(user_id)
    UserMailer.send(email_type, user).deliver_now
  end
end

# Enqueue jobs
EmailJob.perform_later(user.id, :welcome)
EmailJob.set(wait: 1.hour).perform_later(user.id, :reminder)

# With Sidekiq
class EmailJob < ApplicationJob
  queue_as :high_priority

  sidekiq_options retry: 3, backtrace: true

  def perform(user_id)
    # Job logic
  end
end

# Creating an engine
rails plugin new blog --mountable

# Engine structure
module Blog
  class Engine < ::Rails::Engine
    isolate_namespace Blog

    config.generators do |g|
      g.test_framework :rspec
    end
  end
end

# Mounting in host app
Rails.application.routes.draw do
  mount Blog::Engine => "/blog"
end

# Engine can have its own models, controllers, views
# app/models/blog/post.rb
module Blog
  class Post < ApplicationRecord
  end
end

# Channel
class ChatChannel < ApplicationCable::Channel
  def subscribed
    stream_from "chat_#{params[:room_id]}"
  end

  def receive(data)
    ActionCable.server.broadcast("chat_#{params[:room_id]}", {
      message: data['message'],
      user: current_user.name
    })
  end
end

# JavaScript
const subscription = consumer.subscriptions.create(
  { channel: "ChatChannel", room_id: 1 },
  {
    received(data) {
      document.getElementById('messages').insertAdjacentHTML('beforeend', 
        `<p><strong>${data.user}:</strong> ${data.message}</p>`
      );
    }
  }
);

# Broadcasting from controllers/models
ActionCable.server.broadcast("chat_1", { message: "Hello!" })

# app/assets/stylesheets/application.css
/*
 *= require_tree .
 *= require_self
 */

# app/assets/javascripts/application.js
//= require rails-ujs
//= require_tree .

# In views
<%= stylesheet_link_tag 'application', 'data-turbolinks-track': 'reload' %>
<%= javascript_include_tag 'application', 'data-turbolinks-track': 'reload' %>

# For production
config.assets.precompile += %w( admin.js admin.css )

# Using Webpacker (modern Rails)
# app/javascript/packs/application.js
import Rails from "@rails/ujs"
import "channels"

Rails.start()

class UserRegistrationService
  include ActiveModel::Model

  attr_accessor :name, :email, :password

  validates :email, presence: true, format: { with: URI::MailTo::EMAIL_REGEXP }
  validates :password, length: { minimum: 8 }

  def call
    return false unless valid?

    ActiveRecord::Base.transaction do
      user = create_user
      send_welcome_email(user)
      create_default_profile(user)
      user
    end
  rescue => e
    errors.add(:base, e.message)
    false
  end

  private

  def create_user
    User.create!(name: name, email: email, password: password)
  end

  def send_welcome_email(user)
    UserMailer.welcome(user).deliver_later
  end

  def create_default_profile(user)
    user.create_profile!(name: name)
  end
end

# Usage
service = UserRegistrationService.new(user_params)
if service.call
  redirect_to dashboard_path
else
  @errors = service.errors
  render :new
end

# app/models/concerns/timestampable.rb
module Timestampable
  extend ActiveSupport::Concern

  included do
    scope :recent, -> { order(created_at: :desc) }
    scope :from_last_week, -> { where(created_at: 1.week.ago..) }
  end

  class_methods do
    def cleanup_old_records
      where('created_at < ?', 1.year.ago).destroy_all
    end
  end

  def age_in_days
    (Time.current - created_at) / 1.day
  end
end

# Usage in models
class Post < ApplicationRecord
  include Timestampable
end

class Comment < ApplicationRecord
  include Timestampable
end

# Controller concerns
module Authentication
  extend ActiveSupport::Concern

  included do
    before_action :authenticate_user!
  end

  private

  def authenticate_user!
    redirect_to login_path unless user_signed_in?
  end
end

# Generate API-only application
rails new my_api --api

# API controller
class ApplicationController < ActionController::API
  include ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Token::ControllerMethods

  before_action :authenticate

  private

  def authenticate
    authenticate_or_request_with_http_token do |token, options|
      ApiKey.exists?(token: token)
    end
  end
end

class UsersController < ApplicationController
  def index
    users = User.all
    render json: users, each_serializer: UserSerializer
  end

  def create
    user = User.new(user_params)

    if user.save
      render json: user, serializer: UserSerializer, status: :created
    else
      render json: { errors: user.errors }, status: :unprocessable_entity
    end
  end
end

# Serializer
class UserSerializer < ActiveModel::Serializer
  attributes :id, :name, :email, :created_at

  has_many :posts
end

# Rails autoloading rules:
# app/models/user.rb -> User
# app/models/admin/user.rb -> Admin::User
# app/controllers/posts_controller.rb -> PostsController

# Eager loading in production
config.eager_load = true

# Custom autoload paths
config.autoload_paths << Rails.root.join('lib')

# Zeitwerk (Rails 6+) autoloader
config.autoloader = :zeitwerk

# Reloading in development
config.cache_classes = false
config.reload_classes_only_on_change = true

# Edit credentials
rails credentials:edit

# credentials.yml.enc content
secret_key_base: abc123...
database:
  password: secretpassword
aws:
  access_key_id: AKIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE
  secret_access_key: wJalrXUtnFEMI/K7MDENG/bPxRfiCYEXAMPLEKEY

# Usage in application
Rails.application.credentials.database[:password]
Rails.application.credentials.aws[:access_key_id]

# Environment-specific credentials
rails credentials:edit --environment production

# In production
RAILS_MASTER_KEY=your_master_key rails server

# Model
class User < ApplicationRecord
  has_one_attached :avatar
  has_many_attached :documents

  validate :acceptable_avatar

  private

  def acceptable_avatar
    return unless avatar.attached?

    unless avatar.blob.byte_size <= 1.megabyte
      errors.add(:avatar, "is too big")
    end

    acceptable_types = ["image/jpeg", "image/png"]
    unless acceptable_types.include?(avatar.blob.content_type)
      errors.add(:avatar, "must be a JPEG or PNG")
    end
  end
end

# Controller
def user_params
  params.require(:user).permit(:name, :email, :avatar, documents: [])
end

# View
<%= form_with model: @user do |form| %>
  <%= form.file_field :avatar %>
  <%= form.file_field :documents, multiple: true %>
<% end %>

# Display
<%= image_tag @user.avatar if @user.avatar.attached? %>
<%= link_to "Download", @user.avatar, download: true %>

class User < ApplicationRecord
  before_validation :normalize_email
  before_create :generate_auth_token
  after_create :send_welcome_email
  before_destroy :cleanup_associated_data

  private

  def normalize_email
    self.email = email.downcase.strip if email.present?
  end

  def generate_auth_token
    self.auth_token = SecureRandom.hex(32)
  end

  def send_welcome_email
    UserMailer.welcome(self).deliver_later
  end

  def cleanup_associated_data
    # Clean up associated records
    posts.destroy_all
  end
end

# Conditional callbacks
class Post < ApplicationRecord
  after_save :update_search_index, if: :published?
  before_destroy :check_if_deletable, unless: :admin_user?
end

# 1. Optimistic Locking
class Post < ApplicationRecord
  # Migration adds lock_version column
end

# Usage
post = Post.find(1)
post.title = "Updated Title"
begin
  post.save!
rescue ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError
  # Handle conflict - reload and retry
  post.reload
  post.title = "Updated Title"
  post.save!
end

# 2. Pessimistic Locking
Post.transaction do
  post = Post.lock.find(1)  # SELECT ... FOR UPDATE
  post.update!(view_count: post.view_count + 1)
end

# 3. Database constraints and unique indexes
class User < ApplicationRecord
  validates :email, uniqueness: true
end

# Migration with unique constraint
add_index :users, :email, unique: true

# 4. Atomic operations
# BAD: Race condition possible
user = User.find(1)
user.update!(balance: user.balance + 100)

# GOOD: Atomic update
User.where(id: 1).update_all("balance = balance + 100")

# 5. Redis for distributed locks
class DistributedLock
  def self.with_lock(key, timeout: 10)
    lock_acquired = Redis.current.set(key, "locked", nx: true, ex: timeout)

    if lock_acquired
      begin
        yield
      ensure
        Redis.current.del(key)
      end
    else
      raise "Could not acquire lock"
    end
  end
end

# Built-in generators
rails generate model User name:string email:string
rails generate controller Users index show
rails generate migration AddAgeToUsers age:integer

# Custom generator
# lib/generators/service/service_generator.rb
class ServiceGenerator < Rails::Generators::NamedBase
  source_root File.expand_path('templates', __dir__)

  argument :methods, type: :array, default: [], banner: "method method"
  class_option :namespace, type: :string, default: "Services"

  def create_service_file
    template "service.rb.erb", "app/services/#{file_name}_service.rb"
  end

  def create_service_test
    template "service_test.rb.erb", "test/services/#{file_name}_service_test.rb"
  end

  private

  def service_class_name
    "#{class_name}Service"
  end

  def namespace_class
    options[:namespace]
  end
end

# Usage
rails generate service UserRegistration create_user send_email --namespace=Auth

# View current middleware stack
rake middleware

# Custom middleware
class RequestTimingMiddleware
  def initialize(app)
    @app = app
  end

  def call(env)
    start_time = Time.current

    # Process request
    status, headers, response = @app.call(env)

    end_time = Time.current
    duration = ((end_time - start_time) * 1000).round(2)

    # Add timing header
    headers['X-Request-Time'] = "#{duration}ms"

    # Log slow requests
    if duration > 1000
      Rails.logger.warn "Slow request: #{env['REQUEST_METHOD']} #{env['PATH_INFO']} took #{duration}ms"
    end
    
    [status, headers, response]
  end
end

# Authentication middleware
class ApiAuthenticationMiddleware
  def initialize(app)
    @app = app
  end
  
  def call(env)
    request = Rack::Request.new(env)
    
    if api_request?(request)
      return unauthorized_response unless valid_api_key?(request)
    end
    
    @app.call(env)
  end
  
  private
  
  def api_request?(request)
    request.path.start_with?('/api/')
  end
  
  def valid_api_key?(request)
    api_key = request.headers['X-API-Key']
    ApiKey.exists?(key: api_key, active: true)
  end
  
  def unauthorized_response
    [401, {'Content-Type' => 'application/json'}, ['{"error": "Unauthorized"}']]
  end
end

# Register middleware in application.rb
config.middleware.use RequestTimingMiddleware
config.middleware.insert_before ActionDispatch::Static, ApiAuthenticationMiddleware

# Conditional middleware
if Rails.env.development?
  config.middleware.use MyDevelopmentMiddleware
end  

# 1. Database-specific full-text search (PostgreSQL)
class Post < ApplicationRecord
  include PgSearch::Model

  pg_search_scope :search_by_content,
    against: [:title, :content],
    using: {
      tsearch: {
        prefix: true,
        any_word: true
      },
      trigram: {
        threshold: 0.3
      }
    }
end

# Migration for PostgreSQL
class AddSearchToPost < ActiveRecord::Migration[7.0]
  def up
    execute "CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pg_trgm;"
    execute "CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS unaccent;"

    add_column :posts, :searchable, :tsvector
    add_index :posts, :searchable, using: :gin

    execute <<-SQL
      CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION update_post_searchable() RETURNS trigger AS $$
      BEGIN
        NEW.searchable := to_tsvector('english', coalesce(NEW.title, '') || ' ' || coalesce(NEW.content, ''));
        RETURN NEW;
      END;
      $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

      CREATE TRIGGER update_post_searchable_trigger
      BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON posts
      FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE FUNCTION update_post_searchable();
    SQL
  end
end

# 2. Elasticsearch with Searchkick
class Post < ApplicationRecord
  searchkick word_start: [:title], highlight: [:title, :content]

  def search_data
    {
      title: title,
      content: content,
      author: author.name,
      published_at: published_at,
      tags: tags.pluck(:name)
    }
  end
end

# Usage
results = Post.search("ruby rails", 
  fields: [:title^2, :content],
  highlight: true,
  aggs: {
    tags: {},
    authors: { field: "author" }
  }
)

# 3. Simple database search with scopes
class Post < ApplicationRecord
  scope :search, ->(term) {
    return none if term.blank?

    terms = term.split.map { |t| "%#{t}%" }
    query = terms.map { "title ILIKE ? OR content ILIKE ?" }.join(" AND ")
    values = terms.flat_map { |t| [t, t] }

    where(query, *values)
  }

  scope :search_advanced, ->(params) {
    results = all

    if params[:title].present?
      results = results.where("title ILIKE ?", "%#{params[:title]}%")
    end

    if params[:author].present?
      results = results.joins(:author).where("users.name ILIKE ?", "%#{params[:author]}%")
    end

    if params[:tags].present?
      tag_names = params[:tags].split(',').map(&:strip)
      results = results.joins(:tags).where(tags: { name: tag_names })
    end

    results.distinct
  }
end

# 1. Web Server receives request (Puma/Unicorn)
# 2. Rack middleware stack processes request
# 3. Rails Router matches the route
# 4. Controller instantiation and action execution
# 5. View rendering and response

# Detailed Request Flow:
class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
  around_action :log_request_lifecycle
  
  private
  
  def log_request_lifecycle
    Rails.logger.info "1. Before controller action: #{controller_name}##{action_name}"
    
    start_time = Time.current
    yield  # Execute the controller action
    end_time = Time.current
    
    Rails.logger.info "2. After controller action: #{(end_time - start_time) * 1000}ms"
  end
end

# Middleware Stack Visualization
Rails.application.middleware.each_with_index do |middleware, index|
  puts "#{index}: #{middleware.inspect}"
end

# Custom Middleware in the Stack
class RequestIdMiddleware
  def initialize(app)
    @app = app
  end
  
  def call(env)
    env['HTTP_X_REQUEST_ID'] ||= SecureRandom.uuid
    @app.call(env)
  end
end

# Route Constraints and Processing
Rails.application.routes.draw do
  # Routes are checked in order of definition
  get '/posts/:id', to: 'posts#show', constraints: { id: /\d+/ }
  get '/posts/:slug', to: 'posts#show_by_slug'
  
  # Catch-all route (should be last)
  match '*path', to: 'application#not_found', via: :all
end

# Controller Action Execution Order
class PostsController < ApplicationController
  before_action :set_post, only: [:show, :edit, :update]
  around_action :benchmark_action
  after_action :log_user_activity
  
  def show
    # Main action logic
    @related_posts = Post.where.not(id: @post.id).limit(5)
  end
  
  private
  
  def benchmark_action
    start_time = Time.current
    yield
    Rails.logger.info "Action took: #{Time.current - start_time}s"
  end
end

# 1. Schema-based Multi-tenancy (Apartment gem)
# config/application.rb
require 'apartment'

Apartment.configure do |config|
  config.excluded_models = ["User", "Tenant"]
  config.tenant_names = lambda { Tenant.pluck(:subdomain) }
end

class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
  before_action :set_current_tenant
  
  private
  
  def set_current_tenant
    subdomain = request.subdomain
    tenant = Tenant.find_by(subdomain: subdomain)
    
    if tenant
      Apartment::Tenant.switch!(tenant.subdomain)
    else
      redirect_to root_url(subdomain: false)
    end
  end
end

# 2. Row-level Multi-tenancy (with default scopes)
class ApplicationRecord < ActiveRecord::Base
  self.abstract_class = true
  
  belongs_to :tenant, optional: true
  
  default_scope { where(tenant: Current.tenant) if Current.tenant }
  
  def self.unscoped_for_tenant
    unscoped.where(tenant: Current.tenant)
  end
end

class Current < ActiveSupport::CurrentAttributes
  attribute :tenant, :user
  
  def tenant=(tenant)
    super
    Time.zone = tenant.time_zone if tenant&.time_zone
  end
end

# 3. Hybrid Approach with Acts As Tenant
class User < ApplicationRecord
  acts_as_tenant(:account)
  
  validates :email, uniqueness: { scope: :account_id }
end

class Account < ApplicationRecord
  has_many :users, dependent: :destroy
  
  def switch_tenant!
    ActsAsTenant.current_tenant = self
  end
end

# 4. Database-level Multi-tenancy
class TenantMiddleware
  def initialize(app)
    @app = app
  end
  
  def call(env)
    request = Rack::Request.new(env)
    tenant_id = extract_tenant_id(request)
    
    if tenant_id
      ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute(
        "SET app.current_tenant_id = '#{tenant_id}'"
      )
    end
    
    @app.call(env)
  ensure
    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute(
      "SET app.current_tenant_id = ''"
    )
  end
  
  private
  
  def extract_tenant_id(request)
    # Extract from subdomain, header, or JWT token
    request.subdomain.presence || 
    request.headers['X-Tenant-ID'] ||
    decode_tenant_from_jwt(request.headers['Authorization'])
  end
end

# 5. RLS (Row Level Security) in PostgreSQL
class AddRowLevelSecurity < ActiveRecord::Migration[7.0]
  def up
    # Enable RLS on posts table
    execute "ALTER TABLE posts ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY;"
    
    # Create policy for tenant isolation
    execute <<-SQL
      CREATE POLICY tenant_isolation ON posts
      USING (tenant_id = current_setting('app.current_tenant_id')::integer);
    SQL
  end
end

# 1. Connection Pool Configuration
# config/database.yml
production:
  adapter: postgresql
  host: <%= ENV['DB_HOST'] %>
  database: myapp_production
  username: <%= ENV['DB_USERNAME'] %>
  password: <%= ENV['DB_PASSWORD'] %>
  pool: <%= ENV.fetch("RAILS_MAX_THREADS") { 25 } %>
  timeout: 5000
  checkout_timeout: 5
  reaping_frequency: 10
  
# Connection pool monitoring
class DatabaseConnectionPool
  def self.status
    ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.stat
  end

  # > ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.stat
  # => {size: 5, connections: 0, busy: 0, dead: 0, idle: 0, waiting: 0, checkout_timeout: 5.0}
  
  def self.with_connection_info
    pool = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool
    {
      size: pool.size,
      active_connections: pool.checked_out.size,
      available_connections: pool.available.size,
      slow_queries_count: Rails.cache.fetch('slow_queries_count', expires_in: 1.minute) { 0 }
    }
  end
end

# 2. Database Sharding (Rails 6+)
class ApplicationRecord < ActiveRecord::Base
  self.abstract_class = true
  
  connects_to shards: {
    default: { writing: :primary, reading: :primary_replica },
    shard_one: { writing: :primary_shard_one, reading: :primary_shard_one_replica }
  }
end

class User < ApplicationRecord
  # Shard by user ID
  def self.shard_for(user_id)
    user_id % 2 == 0 ? :default : :shard_one
  end
  
  def self.find_by_sharded_id(user_id)
    shard = shard_for(user_id)
    connected_to(shard: shard) { find(user_id) }
  end
end

# 3. Custom Sharding Implementation
class ShardedModel < ApplicationRecord
  self.abstract_class = true
  
  class << self
    def shard_for(key)
      "shard_#{key.hash.abs % shard_count}"
    end
    
    def on_shard(shard_name)
      establish_connection(database_config[shard_name])
      yield
    ensure
      establish_connection(database_config['primary'])
    end
    
    def find_across_shards(id)
      shard_count.times do |i|
        shard_name = "shard_#{i}"
        record = on_shard(shard_name) { find_by(id: id) }
        return record if record
      end
      nil
    end
    
    private
    
    def shard_count
      Rails.application.config.shard_count || 4
    end
    
    def database_config
      Rails.application.config.database_configuration[Rails.env]
    end
  end
end

# 4. Read/Write Splitting
class User < ApplicationRecord
  # Automatic read/write splitting
  connects_to database: { writing: :primary, reading: :replica }
  
  def self.expensive_report
    # Force read from replica
    connected_to(role: :reading) do
      select(:id, :name, :created_at)
        .joins(:posts)
        .group(:id)
        .having('COUNT(posts.id) > ?', 10)
    end
  end
end

# Connection switching middleware
class DatabaseRoutingMiddleware
  def initialize(app)
    @app = app
  end
  
  def call(env)
    request = Rack::Request.new(env)
    
    # Use replica for GET requests
    if request.get? && !admin_request?(request)
      ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :reading) do
        @app.call(env)
      end
    else
      @app.call(env)
    end
  end
  
  private
  
  def admin_request?(request)
    request.path.start_with?('/admin')
  end
end

# 1. Content Security Policy (CSP)
class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
  content_security_policy do |policy|
    policy.default_src :self, :https
    policy.font_src    :self, :https, :data
    policy.img_src     :self, :https, :data
    policy.object_src  :none
    policy.script_src  :self, :https
    policy.style_src   :self, :https, :unsafe_inline
    
    # Add nonce for inline scripts
    policy.script_src :self, :https, :unsafe_eval if Rails.env.development?
  end
  
  content_security_policy_nonce_generator = -> request { SecureRandom.base64(16) }
  content_security_policy_nonce_directives = %w(script-src)
end

# 2. Rate Limiting and DDoS Protection
class ApiController < ApplicationController
  include ActionController::HttpAuthentication::Token::ControllerMethods
  
  before_action :rate_limit_api_requests
  before_action :authenticate_api_token
  
  private
  
  def rate_limit_api_requests
    key = "api_rate_limit:#{request.remote_ip}"
    count = Rails.cache.fetch(key, expires_in: 1.hour) { 0 }
    
    if count >= 1000  # 1000 requests per hour
      render json: { error: 'Rate limit exceeded' }, status: 429
      return
    end
    
    Rails.cache.write(key, count + 1, expires_in: 1.hour)
  end
  
  def authenticate_api_token
    authenticate_or_request_with_http_token do |token, options|
      api_key = ApiKey.find_by(token: token)
      api_key&.active? && !api_key.expired?
    end
  end
end

# 3. Secure Headers and HSTS
class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
  before_action :set_security_headers
  
  private
  
  def set_security_headers
    response.headers['X-Frame-Options'] = 'DENY'
    response.headers['X-Content-Type-Options'] = 'nosniff'
    response.headers['X-XSS-Protection'] = '1; mode=block'
    response.headers['Referrer-Policy'] = 'strict-origin-when-cross-origin'
    
    if request.ssl?
      response.headers['Strict-Transport-Security'] = 'max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains'
    end
  end
end

# 4. Input Sanitization and Validation
class UserInput
  include ActiveModel::Model
  include ActiveModel::Attributes
  
  attribute :content, :string
  attribute :email, :string
  
  validates :content, presence: true, length: { maximum: 10000 }
  validates :email, format: { with: URI::MailTo::EMAIL_REGEXP }
  
  validate :no_malicious_content
  validate :rate_limit_validation
  
  private
  
  def no_malicious_content
    dangerous_patterns = [
      /<script\b[^<]*(?:(?!<\/script>)<[^<]*)*<\/script>/mi,
      /javascript:/i,
      /vbscript:/i,
      /onload\s*=/i,
      /onerror\s*=/i
    ]
    
    dangerous_patterns.each do |pattern|
      if content&.match?(pattern)
        errors.add(:content, 'contains potentially dangerous content')
        break
      end
    end
  end
  
  def rate_limit_validation
    # Implement user-specific validation rate limiting
    key = "validation_attempts:#{email}"
    attempts = Rails.cache.fetch(key, expires_in: 5.minutes) { 0 }
    
    if attempts > 10
      errors.add(:base, 'Too many validation attempts. Please try again later.')
    else
      Rails.cache.write(key, attempts + 1, expires_in: 5.minutes)
    end
  end
end

# 5. Secure File Upload with Virus Scanning
class Document < ApplicationRecord
  has_one_attached :file
  
  validate :acceptable_file
  validate :virus_scan_clean
  
  enum scan_status: { pending: 0, clean: 1, infected: 2 }
  
  after_commit :scan_for_viruses, on: :create
  
  private
  
  def acceptable_file
    return unless file.attached?
    
    # Check file size
    unless file.blob.byte_size <= 10.megabytes
      errors.add(:file, 'is too large')
    end
    
    # Check file type
    allowed_types = %w[application/pdf image/jpeg image/png text/plain]
    unless allowed_types.include?(file.blob.content_type)
      errors.add(:file, 'type is not allowed')
    end
    
    # Check filename for path traversal
    if file.filename.to_s.include?('..')
      errors.add(:file, 'filename is invalid')
    end
  end
  
  def virus_scan_clean
    return unless file.attached? && scan_status == 'infected'
    errors.add(:file, 'failed virus scan')
  end
  
  def scan_for_viruses
    VirusScanJob.perform_later(self)
  end
end

class VirusScanJob < ApplicationJob
  def perform(document)
    # Use ClamAV or similar service
    result = system("clamscan --no-summary #{document.file.blob.service.path_for(document.file.blob.key)}")
    
    if $?.success?
      document.update!(scan_status: :clean)
    else
      document.update!(scan_status: :infected)
      document.file.purge  # Remove infected file
    end
  end
end

# 1. Custom Metrics and Instrumentation
class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
  include MetricsCollector
  
  around_action :collect_performance_metrics
  after_action :track_user_behavior
  
  private
  
  def collect_performance_metrics
    start_time = Time.current
    start_memory = memory_usage
    
    yield
    
    end_time = Time.current
    end_memory = memory_usage
    
    MetricsCollector.record_request(
      controller: controller_name,
      action: action_name,
      duration: (end_time - start_time) * 1000,
      memory_delta: end_memory - start_memory,
      status: response.status,
      user_agent: request.user_agent
    )
  end
  
  def memory_usage
    `ps -o rss= -p #{Process.pid}`.to_i
  end
end

module MetricsCollector
  extend self
  
  def record_request(metrics)
    # Send to APM service (New Relic, Datadog, etc.)
    Rails.logger.info("METRICS: #{metrics.to_json}")
    
    # Custom metrics for business logic
    if metrics[:controller] == 'orders' && metrics[:action] == 'create'
      increment_counter('orders.created')
      record_gauge('orders.creation_time', metrics[:duration])
    end
    
    # Performance alerts
    if metrics[:duration] > 1000  # > 1 second
      SlowRequestNotifier.notify(metrics)
    end
  end
  
  def increment_counter(metric_name, tags = {})
    StatsD.increment(metric_name, tags: tags)
  end
  
  def record_gauge(metric_name, value, tags = {})
    StatsD.gauge(metric_name, value, tags: tags)
  end
end

# 2. Database Query Analysis
class QueryAnalyzer
  def self.analyze_slow_queries
    ActiveSupport::Notifications.subscribe('sql.active_record') do |name, start, finish, id, payload|
      duration = (finish - start) * 1000
      
      if duration > 100  # queries taking more than 100ms
        Rails.logger.warn({
          event: 'slow_query',
          duration: duration,
          sql: payload[:sql],
          binds: payload[:binds]&.map(&:value),
          name: payload[:name],
          connection_id: payload[:connection_id]
        }.to_json)
        
        # Send to APM
        NewRelic::Agent.record_metric('Database/SlowQuery', duration)
      end
    end
  end
end

# 3. Background Job Monitoring
class MonitoredJob < ApplicationJob
  around_perform :monitor_job_performance
  retry_on StandardError, wait: 5.seconds, attempts: 3
  
  private
  
  def monitor_job_performance
    start_time = Time.current
    job_name = self.class.name
    
    begin
      yield
      
      # Record successful job metrics
      duration = Time.current - start_time
      MetricsCollector.record_gauge("jobs.#{job_name.underscore}.duration", duration * 1000)
      MetricsCollector.increment_counter("jobs.#{job_name.underscore}.success")
      
    rescue => error
      # Record failed job metrics
      MetricsCollector.increment_counter("jobs.#{job_name.underscore}.failure")
      
      # Enhanced error tracking
      ErrorTracker.capture_exception(error, {
        job_class: job_name,
        job_id: job_id,
        queue_name: queue_name,
        arguments: arguments,
        executions: executions
      })
      
      raise
    end
  end
end

# 4. Health Check Endpoints
class HealthController < ApplicationController
  skip_before_action :authenticate_user!
  
  def check
    render json: { status: 'ok', timestamp: Time.current.iso8601 }
  end
  
  def detailed
    checks = {
      database: database_check,
      redis: redis_check,
      storage: storage_check,
      jobs: job_queue_check
    }
    
    overall_status = checks.values.all? { |check| check[:status] == 'ok' }
    status_code = overall_status ? 200 : 503
    
    render json: {
      status: overall_status ? 'ok' : 'error',
      checks: checks,
      timestamp: Time.current.iso8601
    }, status: status_code
  end
  
  private
  
  def database_check
    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute('SELECT 1')
    { status: 'ok', response_time: measure_time { ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute('SELECT 1') } }
  rescue => e
    { status: 'error', error: e.message }
  end
  
  def redis_check
    Redis.current.ping
    { status: 'ok', response_time: measure_time { Redis.current.ping } }
  rescue => e
    { status: 'error', error: e.message }
  end
  
  def measure_time
    start_time = Time.current
    yield
    ((Time.current - start_time) * 1000).round(2)
  end
end

# 5. Real-time Performance Dashboard
class PerformanceDashboard
  include ActionView::Helpers::NumberHelper
  
  def self.current_stats
    {
      requests_per_minute: request_rate,
      average_response_time: average_response_time,
      error_rate: error_rate,
      active_users: active_user_count,
      database_stats: database_performance,
      background_jobs: job_queue_stats
    }
  end
  
  def self.request_rate
    # Calculate from metrics store
    Rails.cache.fetch('metrics:requests_per_minute', expires_in: 30.seconds) do
      # Implementation depends on your metrics store
      StatsD.get_rate('requests.total')
    end
  end
  
  def self.database_performance
    pool = ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool
    {
      pool_size: pool.size,
      active_connections: pool.checked_out.size,
      available_connections: pool.available.size,
      slow_queries_count: Rails.cache.fetch('slow_queries_count', expires_in: 1.minute) { 0 }
    }
  end
  
  def self.job_queue_stats
    if defined?(Sidekiq)
      stats = Sidekiq::Stats.new
      {
        processed: stats.processed,
        failed: stats.failed,
        enqueued: stats.enqueued,
        retry_size: stats.retry_size
      }
    else
      { message: 'Background job system not available' }
    end
  end
end

# 1. Basic Mailer Setup
class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
  default from: 'noreply@example.com'
  
  def welcome_email(user)
    @user = user
    @url = login_url
    
    mail(
      to: @user.email,
      subject: 'Welcome to Our Platform!',
      template_path: 'mailers/user_mailer',
      template_name: 'welcome'
    )
  end
  
  def password_reset(user, token)
    @user = user
    @token = token
    @reset_url = edit_password_reset_url(token: @token)
    
    mail(
      to: @user.email,
      subject: 'Password Reset Instructions',
      reply_to: 'support@example.com'
    )
  end
  
  def order_confirmation(order)
    @order = order
    @user = order.user
    
    # Attach invoice PDF
    attachments['invoice.pdf'] = order.generate_invoice_pdf
    
    # Inline images
    attachments.inline['logo.png'] = File.read(Rails.root.join('app/assets/images/logo.png'))
    
    mail(
      to: @user.email,
      subject: "Order Confirmation ##{@order.id}",
      delivery_method_options: { user_name: ENV['SMTP_USERNAME'] }
    )
  end
end

# 2. Email Templates (HTML + Text)
# app/views/user_mailer/welcome_email.html.erb
<%= content_for :title, "Welcome #{@user.name}!" %>

<div class="email-container">
  <h1>Welcome to Our Platform!</h1>
  <p>Hi <%= @user.name %>,</p>
  <p>Thank you for joining us. Click the link below to get started:</p>
  <p><%= link_to "Get Started", @url, class: "button" %></p>
</div>

# app/views/user_mailer/welcome_email.text.erb
Welcome <%= @user.name %>!

Thank you for joining our platform.
Get started: <%= @url %>

# 3. Email Configuration
# config/environments/production.rb
config.action_mailer.delivery_method = :smtp
config.action_mailer.smtp_settings = {
  address: ENV['SMTP_SERVER'],
  port: 587,
  domain: ENV['DOMAIN'],
  user_name: ENV['SMTP_USERNAME'],
  password: ENV['SMTP_PASSWORD'],
  authentication: 'plain',
  enable_starttls_auto: true,
  open_timeout: 5,
  read_timeout: 5
}

# For SendGrid
config.action_mailer.smtp_settings = {
  address: 'smtp.sendgrid.net',
  port: 587,
  authentication: :plain,
  user_name: 'apikey',
  password: ENV['SENDGRID_API_KEY']
}

# 4. Background Email Processing
class UserRegistrationService
  def call
    user = create_user
    
    # Send immediately
    UserMailer.welcome_email(user).deliver_now
    
    # Send in background (recommended)
    UserMailer.welcome_email(user).deliver_later
    
    # Send at specific time
    UserMailer.welcome_email(user).deliver_later(wait: 1.hour)
    
    user
  end
end

# 5. Email Testing and Previews
# test/mailers/user_mailer_test.rb
class UserMailerTest < ActionMailer::TestCase
  test "welcome email" do
    user = users(:john)
    email = UserMailer.welcome_email(user)
    
    assert_emails 1 do
      email.deliver_now
    end
    
    assert_equal ['noreply@example.com'], email.from
    assert_equal [user.email], email.to
    assert_equal 'Welcome to Our Platform!', email.subject
    assert_match 'Hi John', email.body.to_s
  end
end

# Email Previews for development
# test/mailers/previews/user_mailer_preview.rb
class UserMailerPreview < ActionMailer::Preview
  def welcome_email
    UserMailer.welcome_email(User.first)
  end
  
  def password_reset
    user = User.first
    token = "sample-token-123"
    UserMailer.password_reset(user, token)
  end
end

# 6. Email Analytics and Tracking
class TrackableMailer < ApplicationMailer
  after_action :track_email_sent
  
  private
  
  def track_email_sent
    EmailAnalytics.track_sent(
      mailer: self.class.name,
      action: action_name,
      recipient: message.to.first,
      subject: message.subject,
      sent_at: Time.current
    )
  end
end

# 7. Email Interceptors
class EmailInterceptor
  def self.delivering_email(message)
    # Prevent emails in staging
    if Rails.env.staging?
      message.to = ['staging@example.com']
      message.cc = nil
      message.bcc = nil
      message.subject = "[STAGING] #{message.subject}"
    end
    
    # Add environment prefix
    unless Rails.env.production?
      message.subject = "[#{Rails.env.upcase}] #{message.subject}"
    end
  end
end

# Register interceptor
ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptor(EmailInterceptor)

# 1. Basic I18n Configuration
# config/application.rb
config.i18n.load_path += Dir[Rails.root.join('config', 'locales', '**', '*.{rb,yml}')]
config.i18n.available_locales = [:en, :es, :fr, :de, :ja]
config.i18n.default_locale = :en
config.i18n.fallbacks = true

# 2. Locale Files Structure
# config/locales/en.yml
en:
  hello: "Hello"
  welcome:
    message: "Welcome %{name}!"
    title: "Welcome to Our Site"
  activerecord:
    models:
      user: "User"
      post: "Post"
    attributes:
      user:
        name: "Full Name"
        email: "Email Address"
      post:
        title: "Title"
        content: "Content"
    errors:
      models:
        user:
          attributes:
            email:
              taken: "Email address is already in use"
              invalid: "Please enter a valid email address"
  date:
    formats:
      default: "%Y-%m-%d"
      short: "%b %d"
      long: "%B %d, %Y"
  time:
    formats:
      default: "%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S %z"
      short: "%d %b %H:%M"
      long: "%B %d, %Y %H:%M"

# config/locales/es.yml
es:
  hello: "Hola"
  welcome:
    message: "¡Bienvenido %{name}!"
    title: "Bienvenido a Nuestro Sitio"
  activerecord:
    models:
      user: "Usuario"
      post: "Publicación"

# 3. Controller Locale Handling
class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
  before_action :set_locale
  
  private
  
  def set_locale
    I18n.locale = locale_from_params || 
                  locale_from_user || 
                  locale_from_header || 
                  I18n.default_locale
  end
  
  def locale_from_params
    return unless params[:locale]
    return unless I18n.available_locales.include?(params[:locale].to_sym)
    params[:locale]
  end
  
  def locale_from_user
    current_user&.locale if user_signed_in?
  end
  
  def locale_from_header
    request.env['HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE']&.scan(/^[a-z]{2}/)&.first
  end
  
  # URL generation with locale
  def default_url_options
    { locale: I18n.locale }
  end
end

# 4. Routes with Locale
# config/routes.rb
Rails.application.routes.draw do
  scope "(:locale)", locale: /#{I18n.available_locales.join("|")}/ do
    root 'home#index'
    resources :posts
    resources :users
  end
  
  # Redirect root to default locale
  root to: redirect("/#{I18n.default_locale}", status: 302)
end

# 5. View Translations
# app/views/posts/index.html.erb
<h1><%= t('posts.index.title') %></h1>
<p><%= t('posts.index.description', count: @posts.count) %></p>

<%= link_to t('posts.new'), new_post_path, class: 'btn btn-primary' %>

<% @posts.each do |post| %>
  <div class="post">
    <h3><%= post.title %></h3>
    <p><%= t('posts.published_at', date: l(post.created_at, format: :short)) %></p>
    <p><%= truncate(post.content, length: 150) %></p>
  </div>
<% end %>

# 6. Model Translations (with Globalize gem)
class Post < ApplicationRecord
  translates :title, :content
  validates :title, presence: true
  validates :content, presence: true
end

# Usage
post = Post.create(
  title: "English Title",
  content: "English content"
)

I18n.with_locale(:es) do
  post.update(
    title: "Título en Español",
    content: "Contenido en español"
  )
end

# Access translations
I18n.locale = :en
post.title # => "English Title"

I18n.locale = :es
post.title # => "Título en Español"

# 7. Form Helpers with I18n
<%= form_with model: @user do |f| %>
  <div class="field">
    <%= f.label :name, t('activerecord.attributes.user.name') %>
    <%= f.text_field :name %>
  </div>
  
  <div class="field">
    <%= f.label :email %>
    <%= f.email_field :email %>
  </div>
  
  <%= f.submit t('helpers.submit.user.create') %>
<% end %>

# 8. Pluralization
# config/locales/en.yml
en:
  posts:
    count:
      zero: "No posts"
      one: "1 post"
      other: "%{count} posts"

# Usage in views
<%= t('posts.count', count: @posts.count) %>

# 9. Date and Time Localization
# Helper method
module ApplicationHelper
  def localized_date(date, format = :default)
    l(date, format: format) if date
  end
  
  def relative_time(time)
    time_ago_in_words(time, locale: I18n.locale)
  end
end

# Usage
<%= localized_date(@post.created_at, :long) %>
<%= relative_time(@post.created_at) %>

# 10. Locale Switching
# Helper for locale switcher
module ApplicationHelper
  def locale_switcher
    content_tag :div, class: 'locale-switcher' do
      I18n.available_locales.map do |locale|
        link_to_unless I18n.locale == locale, 
                      locale.upcase, 
                      url_for(locale: locale),
                      class: ('active' if I18n.locale == locale)
      end.join(' | ').html_safe
    end
  end
end

# 1. Global Exception Handling
class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
  rescue_from StandardError, with: :handle_standard_error
  rescue_from ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound, with: :handle_not_found
  rescue_from ActionController::ParameterMissing, with: :handle_bad_request
  rescue_from Pundit::NotAuthorizedError, with: :handle_unauthorized
  
  private
  
  def handle_standard_error(exception)
    ErrorLogger.capture_exception(exception, {
      user_id: current_user&.id,
      request_id: request.uuid,
      url: request.url,
      params: params.to_unsafe_h,
      user_agent: request.user_agent
    })
    
    if Rails.env.development?
      raise exception
    else
      render_error_page(500, 'Something went wrong')
    end
  end
  
  def handle_not_found(exception)
    ErrorLogger.capture_exception(exception, { level: 'info' })
    render_error_page(404, 'Page not found')
  end
  
  def handle_bad_request(exception)
    ErrorLogger.capture_exception(exception, { level: 'warning' })
    render_error_page(400, 'Bad request')
  end
  
  def handle_unauthorized(exception)
    ErrorLogger.capture_exception(exception, { level: 'warning' })
    
    if user_signed_in?
      render_error_page(403, 'Access denied')
    else
      redirect_to login_path, alert: 'Please log in to continue'
    end
  end
  
  def render_error_page(status, message)
    respond_to do |format|
      format.html { render 'errors/error', locals: { message: message }, status: status }
      format.json { render json: { error: message }, status: status }
    end
  end
end

# 2. Structured Logging
class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base
  around_action :log_request_details
  
  private
  
  def log_request_details
    start_time = Time.current
    
    Rails.logger.info({
      event: 'request_started',
      request_id: request.uuid,
      method: request.method,
      path: request.path,
      remote_ip: request.remote_ip,
      user_agent: request.user_agent,
      user_id: current_user&.id,
      timestamp: start_time.iso8601
    }.to_json)
    
    begin
      yield
    ensure
      duration = Time.current - start_time
      
      Rails.logger.info({
        event: 'request_completed',
        request_id: request.uuid,
        status: response.status,
        duration_ms: (duration * 1000).round(2),
        timestamp: Time.current.iso8601
      }.to_json)
    end
  end
end

# 3. Custom Error Logger
class ErrorLogger
  class << self
    def capture_exception(exception, context = {})
      error_data = {
        exception_class: exception.class.name,
        message: exception.message,
        backtrace: exception.backtrace&.first(10),
        context: context,
        timestamp: Time.current.iso8601,
        environment: Rails.env,
        server: Socket.gethostname
      }
      
      # Log to Rails logger
      Rails.logger.error(error_data.to_json)
      
      # Send to external service (Sentry, Bugsnag, etc.)
      if Rails.env.production?
        Sentry.capture_exception(exception, extra: context)
      end
      
      # Store in database for analysis
      ErrorReport.create!(
        exception_class: exception.class.name,
        message: exception.message,
        backtrace: exception.backtrace.join("\n"),
        context: context,
        occurred_at: Time.current
      )
    end
    
    def capture_message(message, level: 'info', context: {})
      log_data = {
        event: 'custom_log',
        level: level,
        message: message,
        context: context,
        timestamp: Time.current.iso8601
      }
      
      case level
      when 'error'
        Rails.logger.error(log_data.to_json)
      when 'warning'
        Rails.logger.warn(log_data.to_json)
      else
        Rails.logger.info(log_data.to_json)
      end
    end
  end
end

# 4. Business Logic Error Handling
class OrderProcessingService
  include ActiveModel::Model
  
  class OrderProcessingError < StandardError; end
  class PaymentError < OrderProcessingError; end
  class InventoryError < OrderProcessingError; end
  
  def call(order)
    ActiveRecord::Base.transaction do
      validate_inventory!(order)
      process_payment!(order)
      update_inventory!(order)
      send_confirmation!(order)
      
      order.update!(status: 'completed')
      
    rescue PaymentError => e
      order.update!(status: 'payment_failed', error_message: e.message)
      ErrorLogger.capture_exception(e, { order_id: order.id, service: 'payment' })
      false
      
    rescue InventoryError => e
      order.update!(status: 'inventory_failed', error_message: e.message)
      ErrorLogger.capture_exception(e, { order_id: order.id, service: 'inventory' })
      false
      
    rescue => e
      order.update!(status: 'failed', error_message: e.message)
      ErrorLogger.capture_exception(e, { order_id: order.id, service: 'order_processing' })
      false
    end
  end
  
  private
  
  def validate_inventory!(order)
    order.line_items.each do |item|
      unless item.product.sufficient_stock?(item.quantity)
        raise InventoryError, "Insufficient stock for #{item.product.name}"
      end
    end
  end
  
  def process_payment!(order)
    result = PaymentService.charge(order.total, order.payment_method)
    raise PaymentError, result.error_message unless result.success?
  end
end

# 5. Background Job Error Handling
class ProcessOrderJob < ApplicationJob
  queue_as :default
  retry_on StandardError, wait: 5.seconds, attempts: 3
  retry_on PaymentService::TemporaryError, wait: 30.seconds, attempts: 5
  discard_on ActiveJob::DeserializationError
  
  def perform(order_id)
    order = Order.find(order_id)
    
    unless OrderProcessingService.new.call(order)
      ErrorLogger.capture_message(
        "Order processing failed for order #{order_id}",
        level: 'error',
        context: { order_id: order_id, attempt: executions }
      )
    end
    
  rescue ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound => e
    ErrorLogger.capture_exception(e, { 
      order_id: order_id, 
      message: "Order not found during processing" 
    })
    # Don't retry for missing records
    
  rescue => e
    ErrorLogger.capture_exception(e, {
      order_id: order_id,
      job_id: job_id,
      executions: executions
    })
    
    # Re-raise to trigger retry mechanism
    raise
  end
end

# 6. API Error Responses
module ApiErrorHandler
  extend ActiveSupport::Concern
  
  included do
    rescue_from StandardError, with: :handle_api_error
    rescue_from ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound, with: :handle_not_found
    rescue_from ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid, with: :handle_validation_error
  end
  
  private
  
  def handle_api_error(exception)
    ErrorLogger.capture_exception(exception)
    
    render json: {
      error: {
        type: 'internal_error',
        message: 'An unexpected error occurred',
        request_id: request.uuid
      }
    }, status: 500
  end
  
  def handle_not_found(exception)
    render json: {
      error: {
        type: 'not_found',
        message: 'Resource not found'
      }
    }, status: 404
  end
  
  def handle_validation_error(exception)
    render json: {
      error: {
        type: 'validation_error',
        message: 'Validation failed',
        details: exception.record.errors.full_messages
      }
    }, status: 422
  end
end

# 7. Custom Error Pages
# app/views/errors/error.html.erb
<div class="error-page">
  <h1><%= message %></h1>
  <p>We're sorry, but something went wrong.</p>
  
  <% if Rails.env.development? %>
    <div class="debug-info">
      <h3>Debug Information</h3>
      <p>Request ID: <%= request.uuid %></p>
      <p>Time: <%= Time.current %></p>
    </div>
  <% end %>
  
  <%= link_to "Go Home", root_path, class: "btn btn-primary" %>
</div>

# 1. Environment-Specific Configuration
# config/environments/development.rb
Rails.application.configure do
  config.cache_classes = false
  config.eager_load = false
  config.consider_all_requests_local = true
  config.action_controller.perform_caching = false
  config.action_mailer.raise_delivery_errors = false
  config.action_mailer.perform_deliveries = false
  config.active_storage.variant_processor = :mini_magick
  
  # Custom development settings
  config.log_level = :debug
  config.cache_store = :memory_store
  config.action_mailer.default_url_options = { host: 'localhost', port: 3000 }
  
  # Development-specific middleware
  config.middleware.insert_before ActionDispatch::ShowExceptions, DeveloperMiddleware
end

# config/environments/production.rb
Rails.application.configure do
  config.cache_classes = true
  config.eager_load = true
  config.consider_all_requests_local = false
  config.action_controller.perform_caching = true
  config.public_file_server.enabled = ENV['RAILS_SERVE_STATIC_FILES'].present?
  
  # Performance settings
  config.cache_store = :redis_cache_store, {
    url: ENV['REDIS_URL'],
    pool_size: ENV.fetch('RAILS_MAX_THREADS', 5),
    pool_timeout: 5
  }
  
  # Security settings
  config.force_ssl = true
  config.ssl_options = {
    redirect: { exclude: ->(request) { request.path =~ /health/ } }
  }
  
  # Logging
  config.log_level = :info
  config.log_formatter = ::Logger::Formatter.new
  config.logger = ActiveSupport::Logger.new(STDOUT)
  
  # Asset settings
  config.assets.compile = false
  config.assets.css_compressor = :sass
  config.assets.js_compressor = :terser
end

# 2. Custom Configuration
# config/application.rb
module MyApp
  class Application < Rails::Application
    # Custom configuration
    config.x.payment_gateway.url = ENV['PAYMENT_GATEWAY_URL']
    config.x.payment_gateway.api_key = ENV['PAYMENT_GATEWAY_API_KEY']
    config.x.payment_gateway.timeout = 30
    
    config.x.upload_limits.max_file_size = 10.megabytes
    config.x.upload_limits.allowed_types = %w[jpg jpeg png pdf]
    
    config.x.features.new_dashboard = ENV['ENABLE_NEW_DASHBOARD'] == 'true'
    config.x.features.advanced_search = Rails.env.production?
  end
end

# Usage in application
class PaymentService
  def self.gateway_url
    Rails.application.config.x.payment_gateway.url
  end
  
  def self.api_key
    Rails.application.config.x.payment_gateway.api_key
  end
end

# 3. Custom Configuration Classes
class AppConfiguration
  include ActiveModel::Model
  include ActiveModel::Attributes
  
  attribute :max_file_size, :integer, default: 10.megabytes
  attribute :allowed_file_types, :string, default: 'jpg,jpeg,png,pdf'
  attribute :email_from, :string, default: 'noreply@example.com'
  attribute :cache_timeout, :integer, default: 1.hour
  attribute :feature_flags, default: {}
  
  validates :max_file_size, numericality: { greater_than: 0 }
  validates :email_from, format: { with: URI::MailTo::EMAIL_REGEXP }
  
  def self.instance
    @instance ||= new(load_from_env)
  end
  
  def self.load_from_env
    {
      max_file_size: ENV.fetch('MAX_FILE_SIZE', 10.megabytes).to_i,
      allowed_file_types: ENV.fetch('ALLOWED_FILE_TYPES', 'jpg,jpeg,png,pdf'),
      email_from: ENV.fetch('EMAIL_FROM', 'noreply@example.com'),
      cache_timeout: ENV.fetch('CACHE_TIMEOUT', 1.hour).to_i,
      feature_flags: JSON.parse(ENV.fetch('FEATURE_FLAGS', '{}'))
    }
  end
  
  def allowed_file_types_array
    allowed_file_types.split(',').map(&:strip)
  end
  
  def feature_enabled?(feature)
    feature_flags[feature.to_s] == true
  end
end

# Usage
if AppConfiguration.instance.feature_enabled?(:new_dashboard)
  # Show new dashboard
end

# 4. Database Configuration
# config/database.yml
default: &default
  adapter: postgresql
  encoding: unicode
  pool: <%= ENV.fetch("RAILS_MAX_THREADS") { 5 } %>
  timeout: 5000
  username: <%= ENV['DB_USERNAME'] %>
  password: <%= ENV['DB_PASSWORD'] %>
  
development:
  <<: *default
  database: myapp_development
  host: localhost

test:
  <<: *default
  database: myapp_test<%= ENV['TEST_ENV_NUMBER'] %>
  host: localhost

production:
  <<: *default
  url: <%= ENV['DATABASE_URL'] %>
  pool: <%= ENV.fetch("DB_POOL_SIZE", 25) %>
  checkout_timeout: <%= ENV.fetch("DB_CHECKOUT_TIMEOUT", 5) %>
  reaping_frequency: <%= ENV.fetch("DB_REAPING_FREQUENCY", 10) %>

# Multiple databases
production:
  primary:
    <<: *default
    url: <%= ENV['PRIMARY_DATABASE_URL'] %>
  analytics:
    <<: *default
    url: <%= ENV['ANALYTICS_DATABASE_URL'] %>
    migrations_paths: db/analytics_migrate

# 5. Initializers
# config/initializers/redis.rb
redis_config = {
  url: ENV.fetch('REDIS_URL', 'redis://localhost:6379/0'),
  timeout: 1,
  reconnect_attempts: 3,
  reconnect_delay: 0.5
}

Redis.current = Redis.new(redis_config)

# Connection pool for multi-threaded environments
REDIS_POOL = ConnectionPool.new(size: 10, timeout: 5) do
  Redis.new(redis_config)
end

# config/initializers/sidekiq.rb
Sidekiq.configure_server do |config|
  config.redis = { url: ENV.fetch('REDIS_URL', 'redis://localhost:6379/0') }
  config.average_scheduled_poll_interval = 15
  config.concurrency = ENV.fetch('SIDEKIQ_CONCURRENCY', 5).to_i
end

Sidekiq.configure_client do |config|
  config.redis = { url: ENV.fetch('REDIS_URL', 'redis://localhost:6379/0') }
end

# 6. Secrets and Credentials Management
# config/credentials.yml.enc (encrypted)
# Edit with: rails credentials:edit

secret_key_base: your_secret_key_base
database:
  username: app_user
  password: secure_password
aws:
  access_key_id: your_access_key
  secret_access_key: your_secret_key
  bucket: your_s3_bucket
stripe:
  publishable_key: pk_test_...
  secret_key: sk_test_...

# Usage in application
Rails.application.credentials.aws[:access_key_id]
Rails.application.credentials.stripe[:secret_key]

# Environment-specific credentials
# config/credentials/production.yml.enc
rails credentials:edit --environment production

# 7. Feature Flags and Configuration
class FeatureFlag
  FLAGS = {
    new_dashboard: { default: false, description: 'Enable new dashboard UI' },
    advanced_search: { default: true, description: 'Enable advanced search' },
    payment_gateway_v2: { default: false, description: 'Use new payment gateway' }
  }.freeze
  
  def self.enabled?(flag_name)
    return FLAGS[flag_name][:default] unless Rails.env.production?
    
    # Check database configuration
    flag = ConfigurationSetting.find_by(key: "feature_flag_#{flag_name}")
    flag&.value == 'true' || FLAGS[flag_name][:default]
  end
  
  def self.enable!(flag_name)
    ConfigurationSetting.find_or_create_by(key: "feature_flag_#{flag_name}") do |setting|
      setting.value = 'true'
    end
  end
  
  def self.disable!(flag_name)
    ConfigurationSetting.find_or_create_by(key: "feature_flag_#{flag_name}") do |setting|
      setting.value = 'false'
    end
  end
end

# Usage in views
<% if FeatureFlag.enabled?(:new_dashboard) %>
  <%= render 'new_dashboard' %>
<% else %>
  <%= render 'old_dashboard' %>
<% end %>

# 8. Environment Detection and Conditional Logic
class EnvironmentHelper
  def self.staging?
    Rails.env.staging? || ENV['RAILS_ENV'] == 'staging'
  end
  
  def self.production_like?
    Rails.env.production? || staging?
  end
  
  def self.local_development?
    Rails.env.development? && ENV['CODESPACE_NAME'].blank?
  end
  
  def self.docker_environment?
    File.exist?('/.dockerenv')
  end
end

# Conditional configuration based on environment
if EnvironmentHelper.production_like?
  # Production configurations
  Rails.application.config.force_ssl = true
  Rails.application.config.log_level = :info
else
  # Development configurations
  Rails.application.config.log_level = :debug
  Rails.application.config.action_mailer.delivery_method = :letter_opener
end

# 1. Docker Configuration
# Dockerfile
FROM ruby:3.1.0

# Install dependencies
RUN apt-get update -qq && apt-get install -y nodejs postgresql-client

# Set working directory
WORKDIR /myapp

# Install gems
COPY Gemfile Gemfile.lock ./
RUN bundle install

# Copy application code
COPY . .

# Precompile assets
RUN rails assets:precompile

# Expose port
EXPOSE 3000

# Start server
CMD ["rails", "server", "-b", "0.0.0.0"]

# docker-compose.yml
version: '3.8'
services:
  db:
    image: postgres:13
    environment:
      POSTGRES_PASSWORD: password
      POSTGRES_DB: myapp_development
    volumes:
      - postgres_data:/var/lib/postgresql/data
    ports:
      - "5432:5432"

  redis:
    image: redis:6-alpine
    ports:
      - "6379:6379"

  web:
    build: .
    ports:
      - "3000:3000"
    depends_on:
      - db
      - redis
    environment:
      DATABASE_URL: postgres://postgres:password@db:5432/myapp_development
      REDIS_URL: redis://redis:6379/0
    volumes:
      - .:/myapp
      - bundle_cache:/usr/local/bundle

  sidekiq:
    build: .
    command: bundle exec sidekiq
    depends_on:
      - db
      - redis
    environment:
      DATABASE_URL: postgres://postgres:password@db:5432/myapp_development
      REDIS_URL: redis://redis:6379/0

volumes:
  postgres_data:
  bundle_cache:

# 2. Capistrano Deployment
# Gemfile
group :development do
  gem 'capistrano', '~> 3.17'
  gem 'capistrano-rails', '~> 1.6'
  gem 'capistrano-rbenv', '~> 2.2'
  gem 'capistrano-passenger', '~> 0.2'
  gem 'capistrano-sidekiq', '~> 2.0'
end

# config/deploy.rb
lock '~> 3.17.0'

set :application, 'myapp'
set :repo_url, 'git@github.com:username/myapp.git'
set :deploy_to, '/var/www/myapp'
set :rbenv_ruby, '3.1.0'

set :linked_files, fetch(:linked_files, []).push(
  'config/database.yml',
  'config/master.key',
  '.env.production'
)

set :linked_dirs, fetch(:linked_dirs, []).push(
  'log',
  'tmp/pids',
  'tmp/cache',
  'tmp/sockets',
  'vendor/bundle',
  'public/system',
  'storage'
)

# Sidekiq configuration
set :sidekiq_config, 'config/sidekiq.yml'
set :sidekiq_env, fetch(:rails_env, 'production')

namespace :deploy do
  desc 'Run database migrations'
  task :migrate do
    on roles(:db) do
      within release_path do
        execute :rake, 'db:migrate RAILS_ENV=production'
      end
    end
  end
  
  desc 'Clear application cache'
  task :clear_cache do
    on roles(:web) do
      within release_path do
        execute :rake, 'tmp:cache:clear RAILS_ENV=production'
      end
    end
  end
  
  after :updated, :migrate
  after :migrate, :clear_cache
end

# config/deploy/production.rb
server 'production.example.com', user: 'deploy', roles: %w{app db web}

set :rails_env, 'production'
set :branch, 'main'

# 3. Kubernetes Deployment
# k8s/namespace.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Namespace
metadata:
  name: myapp-production

# k8s/configmap.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: myapp-config
  namespace: myapp-production
data:
  RAILS_ENV: "production"
  RAILS_LOG_TO_STDOUT: "true"
  RAILS_SERVE_STATIC_FILES: "true"

# k8s/secret.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: myapp-secrets
  namespace: myapp-production
type: Opaque
data:
  database-url: <base64-encoded-database-url>
  secret-key-base: <base64-encoded-secret-key>
  redis-url: <base64-encoded-redis-url>

# k8s/deployment.yml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: myapp-web
  namespace: myapp-production
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: myapp-web
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: myapp-web
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: web
        image: myapp:latest
        ports:
        - containerPort: 3000
        env:
        - name: RAILS_ENV
          valueFrom:
            configMapKeyRef:
              name: myapp-config
              key: RAILS_ENV
        - name: DATABASE_URL
          valueFrom:
            secretKeyRef:
              name: myapp-secrets
              key: database-url
        - name: SECRET_KEY_BASE
          valueFrom:
            secretKeyRef:
              name: myapp-secrets
              key: secret-key-base
        livenessProbe:
          httpGet:
            path: /health
            port: 3000
          initialDelaySeconds: 60
          periodSeconds: 30
        readinessProbe:
          httpGet:
            path: /health
            port: 3000
          initialDelaySeconds: 10
          periodSeconds: 5

# k8s/service.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: myapp-service
  namespace: myapp-production
spec:
  selector:
    app: myapp-web
  ports:
  - protocol: TCP
    port: 80
    targetPort: 3000
  type: LoadBalancer

# 4. CI/CD with GitHub Actions
# .github/workflows/ci.yml
name: CI

on:
  push:
    branches: [ main, develop ]
  pull_request:
    branches: [ main ]

jobs:
  test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    
    services:
      postgres:
        image: postgres:13
        env:
          POSTGRES_PASSWORD: postgres
        options: >-
          --health-cmd pg_isready
          --health-interval 10s
          --health-timeout 5s
          --health-retries 5
      
      redis:
        image: redis:6
        options: >-
          --health-cmd "redis-cli ping"
          --health-interval 10s
          --health-timeout 5s
          --health-retries 5
    
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
    
    - name: Set up Ruby
      uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
      with:
        ruby-version: 3.1.0
        bundler-cache: true
    
    - name: Set up Node.js
      uses: actions/setup-node@v3
      with:
        node-version: '16'
        cache: 'yarn'
    
    - name: Install dependencies
      run: |
        bundle install
        yarn install
    
    - name: Set up database
      env:
        DATABASE_URL: postgres://postgres:postgres@localhost:5432/myapp_test
        RAILS_ENV: test
      run: |
        bundle exec rails db:create
        bundle exec rails db:migrate
    
    - name: Run tests
      env:
        DATABASE_URL: postgres://postgres:postgres@localhost:5432/myapp_test
        REDIS_URL: redis://localhost:6379/0
        RAILS_ENV: test
      run: |
        bundle exec rails test
        bundle exec rails test:system
    
    - name: Run security scan
      run: |
        bundle exec brakeman --exit-on-warn
        bundle exec bundle-audit check --update

  deploy:
    needs: test
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main'
    
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
    
    - name: Build Docker image
      run: |
        docker build -t myapp:${{ github.sha }} .
        docker tag myapp:${{ github.sha }} myapp:latest
    
    - name: Deploy to production
      env:
        DEPLOY_HOST: ${{ secrets.DEPLOY_HOST }}
        DEPLOY_USER: ${{ secrets.DEPLOY_USER }}
        DEPLOY_KEY: ${{ secrets.DEPLOY_KEY }}
      run: |
        # Deploy using your preferred method
        # This could be Capistrano, kubectl, or direct SSH

# 5. Health Checks and Monitoring
# config/routes.rb
Rails.application.routes.draw do
  get '/health', to: 'health#check'
  get '/health/detailed', to: 'health#detailed'
end

# app/controllers/health_controller.rb
class HealthController < ApplicationController
  skip_before_action :authenticate_user!
  
  def check
    render json: { status: 'ok', timestamp: Time.current.iso8601 }
  end
  
  def detailed
    checks = {
      database: database_check,
      redis: redis_check,
      storage: storage_check,
      jobs: job_queue_check
    }
    
    overall_status = checks.values.all? { |check| check[:status] == 'ok' }
    status_code = overall_status ? 200 : 503
    
    render json: {
      status: overall_status ? 'ok' : 'error',
      checks: checks,
      timestamp: Time.current.iso8601
    }, status: status_code
  end
  
  private
  
  def database_check
    ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute('SELECT 1')
    { status: 'ok', response_time: measure_time { ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute('SELECT 1') } }
  rescue => e
    { status: 'error', error: e.message }
  end
  
  def redis_check
    Redis.current.ping
    { status: 'ok', response_time: measure_time { Redis.current.ping } }
  rescue => e
    { status: 'error', error: e.message }
  end
  
  def measure_time
    start_time = Time.current
    yield
    ((Time.current - start_time) * 1000).round(2)
  end
end

# 6. Blue-Green Deployment Strategy
# deploy/blue_green.rb
class BlueGreenDeployer
  def initialize(current_color)
    @current_color = current_color
    @next_color = current_color == 'blue' ? 'green' : 'blue'
  end
  
  def deploy
    puts "Deploying to #{@next_color} environment..."
    
    # Deploy to inactive environment
    deploy_to_environment(@next_color)
    
    # Run health checks
    if health_check_passed?(@next_color)
      # Switch traffic
      switch_traffic_to(@next_color)
      puts "Deployment successful! Traffic switched to #{@next_color}"
    else
      puts "Health checks failed! Rolling back..."
      rollback
    end
  end
  
  private
  
  def deploy_to_environment(color)
    # Implementation depends on your infrastructure
    system("kubectl apply -f k8s/#{color}/")
  end
  
  def health_check_passed?(color)
    # Check if the new environment is healthy
    3.times do
      response = Net::HTTP.get_response(URI("http://#{color}.myapp.com/health"))
      return true if response.code == '200'
      sleep 10
    end
    false
  end
  
  def switch_traffic_to(color)
    # Update load balancer configuration
    system("kubectl patch service myapp-service -p '{\"spec\":{\"selector\":{\"version\":\"#{color}\"}}}'")
  end
end