A greater than sign ‘>’ followed by a name makes a file of that name. the -n option of echo command is for omiting the newline. the ‘-l’ option for the ‘who’ command shows the details of users. The shell is a command like all unix commands. It is represented by ‘sh’.
$ > file //creates a file named file.
$ echo -n you are lucky
$ echo /* //prints the all the folders in root (not recursively)
$ echo \* //prints a ‘*’ character
$ who -l
Create a class as follows,
>>> class abc():
… a = 1
… b = 2
…
create x as an instance of the class abc,
>>> x = abc()
>>> x
>>> x.b
2
Create another class with a function definition,
>>> class abc():
… a = 3
… b = 4
… def fun():
… print ‘hello’
…
>>> x = abc()
>>> x.a
3
>>> x.b
4
>>> x.fun()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File “”, line 1, in
TypeError: fun() takes no arguments (1 given)
We cannot call the function in class abc, as an attribute of x. x has no such an attribute. But the address of x is already given by the interpreter as a parameter to that function. Usually we give an extra parameter ‘self’, have no special meaning.
>>> class abc():
… a = 1
… b = 2
… def fun(self):
… p = 5
… q = 6
… print ‘hello’
…
>>> x = abc()
>>> x.a
>>> 1
>>> x.p
>>> x.fun()
The above statement causes an error. Because x has no attribute p. ‘x.fun()’ cannot print hello, so little changes are needed to our code and is shown below.
>>> class abc():
… x = 1
… y = 2
… def fun(self):
… self.p = 3
… self.q = 4
… print ‘Hello’
…
>>> m = abc()
>>> m.p
Traceback (most recent call last):
File “”, line 1, in
AttributeError: abc instance has no attribute ‘p’
Here the interpreter says that the abc instance has no attribute ‘p’.’p’ is an attribute of the function ‘fun’. So create an instance of abc and pass the address of m to ‘self’.
>>> m = abc()
>>> m .fun()
Hello
The Rails Drop 